Transcript Power Point Presentation

Chapter 31 Lesson 2:
Cancer
By: Lily Nikolich
September 7, 2007
Introduction
• 553,400 Americans died of cancer 2001
• 1.3 million new cases diagnosed
• 1 in 4 deaths from cancer
• Early detection/improvements in technology
have improved prognosis for many
An Overview of Cancer
• Variations in Rates
– Rates have large variations among populations
– 444.6 per 100,000 African Americans
– 402.1 per 100,000 Whites
– 272.4 per 100,000 Hispanics
– 279.3 per 100,000 Asian Pacific Islanders
– 152.8 per 100,000 Native Americans
An Overview of Cancer
• What is Cancer?
– Uncontrolled growth and spread of abnormal cells
– Neoplasms are results from uncontrolled,
abnormal cellular development
– Malignant tumors are a neoplasmic mass that
are dangerous and harmful
An Overview of Cancer
• Risks for Cancer-Lifestyle
– Smoking and drinking among greatest
-Smoking is the leading cause of preventable death in
the world today
– Nutrition/exercise
-Cancer is more common among people who are
overweight
Leading Sites of New Cancer Cases and Deaths—2005
Estimates
<<Figure
13.2>>
Figure 13.2
What Causes Cancer?
• Biological Factors
– Genetic predisposition – Research is
inconclusive
– Reproductive and hormonal risks – Breast
cancer is much more common in most Western
countries then developing countries. -- WHY???
What Causes Cancer?
• Occupational and Environmental Factors
– Asbestos, nickel, chromate
– Radioactive substances
• Social and Psychological Factors
– Stress has been implicated in increasing
susceptibility levels to several types of cancer.
– Decrease negative emotions
What Causes Cancer?
• Chemicals in Food
– Sodium nitrate
– Clostridium botulism
• Viral Factors
– Herpes-related virus and human papillomavirus
• Medical Factors
– Diethylstibestrol (DES)
– Chemotherapy
<<Insert Table 13.1>>
Types of Cancer
• Classifications of Cancer
– Carcinomas
– Sarcomas
– Lymphomas
– Leukemias
• Lung Cancer
– Killed 164,000 in 2000
– Prevention-researchers theorize: 90% of all lung
cancers could be avoided by not smoking
Types of Cancer
• Breast Cancer
– One in 8 women
– Risk increases with age
– Risk factors supported by research
– Prevention (self-exam and mammography)
– Treatment
Breast Self-Examination
<<insert figure 13.3>>
Figure 13.3
Types of Cancer
• Colon and Rectum Cancer
– 3rd most common in men and women
– 135,400 in 2001 diagnosed
– Warning signals, e.g. blood in the stool, rectal
bleeding
• Prostate Cancer
– Most common in males today
– 189,000 new cases will be diagnosed in 2002
– Estimated 30,200 men will die
Types of Cancer
• Skin Cancer: Sun Bathers Beware
– 1.3 million cases of skin cancer
– Treatable: basal or squamous
– Virulent: malignant melanoma
– ABCD rule about melanoma
• What are three ways you can safely
enjoy the sun and outdoors?
Types of Cancer
• Testicular Cancer
– Ages 17-34 at greatest risk
– Cause is unknown
– Undescended testicles present a great risk
– How and when should men examine their
testicles?
Testicular Self-Examination
<<insert fig 13.4>>
Figure 13.4
Types of Cancer
• Ovarian Cancer
– 4th leading cause of death in young women
– Enlargement of abdomen common sign
– Prevention: annual pelvic exams
• Endometrial (Uterine) Cancer
– Pap test for early detection
– Risk: early onset of intercourse
– Warning: abnormal bleeding
Types of Cancer
• Cancer of the Pancreas
– “Silent” disease
– 29,700 cases in 2002
– Only 4% survive
– Contributors: inflammation, diabetes, high-fat
diet
Types of Cancer
• Leukemia
– Cancer of blood-forming tissues
– Leads to the creation of immature white blood
cells
– Symptoms: fatigue / paleness / weight loss
– Can be acute or chronic
Facing Cancer
• Detecting Cancer
– Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
– Computerized Axial Tomography scanning (CAT
scan)
– Prostatic ultrasound (rectal probe)
– Self-exam and check-ups
<<insert table 13.3>>
Table 13.3
Facing Cancer
• New Hope in Cancer Treatments
– Surgery to remove tumor
– Chemotherapy
– Researching genes and cell mutations
Facing Cancer
• Talking with Your Doctor about Cancer
– Ask questions about type, treatment, clinical trials
– Ask about surgery
– Ask why one treatment is preferred
– Get all your options
Facing Cancer
• Life After Cancer
– Laws reduce insurance discrimination
– Less isolation
– Assistance is available
– Support groups
Seven Ways to Reduce the Risk of
Cancer
1. Be physically active
2. Achieve and maintain a healthful weight
3. Eat plenty of fruits, vegetables, and
whole grains
4. Reduce the amount of fat in the foods
you eat, particularly from animal
sources, to no more than 30 percent of
your total daily calorie intake
Reducing the Risk of Cancer
5. Limit your time in the sun. Use
sunscreen when exposed to the sun for
any length of time
6. Avoid using all forms of tobacco and
alcohol
7. Know your body and recognize the
warning signs of cancer. Visit your doctor
immediately if you suspect a problem
The End
Any Questions?