Transcript Cancer

Chapter
Outline
Cancer
Development
Incidence of
Cancer
Common
Sites of
Cancer
Assessing
Your
Risks
Guidelines for
Preventing
Cancer
Warning
Signals of
Cancer
Recommended
Check Ups
Chapter 11
Cancer Risk Management
Cancer
Development
Incidence of
Cancer
Common
Sites of
Cancer
Assessing
Your
Risks
Guidelines for
Preventing
Cancer
Key terms
Cancer: Group of diseases
characterized by
uncontrolled growth and
spread of abnormal cells
Benign: Noncancerous
Malignant: Cancerous
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Warning
Signals of
Cancer
Recommended
Check Ups
Cancer
Development
Incidence of
Cancer
Common
Sites of
Cancer
Assessing
Your
Risks
Guidelines for
Preventing
Cancer
Key terms
Deoxyribonucleic acid
(DNA): Genetic substance
of which genes are made;
molecule that contains cell’s
genetic code
Ribonucleic acid (RNA):
Genetic material that guides
the formation of cell
proteins
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Warning
Signals of
Cancer
Recommended
Check Ups
Cancer
Development
Incidence of
Cancer
Common
Sites of
Cancer
Assessing
Your
Risks
Guidelines for
Preventing
Cancer
Warning
Signals of
Cancer
Recommended
Check Ups
Key terms
Oncogenes: Genes that
initiate cell division
Suppressor genes: Genes
that deactivate the process
of cell division
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Angiogenesis:
Formation of blood
capillaries
Metastasis: The
movement of cells
from one part of the
body to another
Cancer
Development
Incidence of
Cancer
Common
Sites of
Cancer
Assessing
Your
Risks
Guidelines for
Preventing
Cancer
Warning
Signals of
Cancer
Recommended
Check Ups
Cancer development
More than 100 types of cancer can develop in the body
The process of cancer begins with an alteration in DNA
Within DNA are oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes,
which normally work together to repair and replace cells
Defects in these genes ultimately allow the cell to grow into a
tumor; defects are caused by
External factors such as radiation, chemicals, and viruses
Internal factors such as immune conditions, hormones, and
genetic mutations
Cancer starts with the abnormal growth of one cell, which
then can multiply into billions of cancerous cells
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Cancer
Development
Incidence of
Cancer
Common
Sites of
Cancer
Assessing
Your
Risks
Guidelines for
Preventing
Cancer
Warning
Signals of
Cancer
Recommended
Check Ups
Cancer development
A critical turning point in the development of cancer is
when a tumor reaches about one million cells
At this stage, it is referred to as carcinoma in situ
An undetected tumor may go for months or years without
any significant growth
While encapsulated, it does not pose a serious threat to
human health
To grow, tumors require more oxygen and nutrients
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Cancer
Development
Incidence of
Cancer
Common
Sites of
Cancer
Assessing
Your
Risks
Guidelines for
Preventing
Cancer
Warning
Signals of
Cancer
Recommended
Check Ups
Cancer development
In time, a few cancer cells start producing
chemicals that enhance angiogenesis (capillary
or blood vessel formation into the tumor)
Angiogenesis is the precursor of metastasis
Through the new blood vessels formed by
angiogenesis:
Cancerous cells break away from a malignant tumor
Migrate to other parts of the body
Can cause new cancers
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Figure 11.4
How cancer starts and spreads
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Cancer
Development
Incidence of
Cancer
Common
Sites of
Cancer
Assessing
Your
Risks
Guidelines for
Preventing
Cancer
Warning
Signals of
Cancer
Recommended
Check Ups
Cancer development
Once cancer cells metastasize, treatment becomes
more difficult
Therapy can kill most cancer cells, but a few cells
might become resistant to treatment
Treatment-resistant cells can grow into a new tumor
that will not respond to the same treatment
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Cancer
Development
Incidence of
Cancer
Common
Sites of
Cancer
Assessing
Your
Risks
Guidelines for
Preventing
Cancer
Warning
Signals of
Cancer
Recommended
Check Ups
Cancer statistics
Cancer is the second leading cause of death in the U.S.
About 23% of all yearly deaths are caused by cancer
Aproximately 1 in 2 men and 1 in 3 women in the U.S. will
develop cancer
More than 550,000 Americans die from cancer each year
More than 1.3 million new cases are diagnosed each year
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Figure 11.5
Death rates
for major
cancer sites
© American Cancer Society
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Figure 11.5
Death rates
for major
cancer sites
© American Cancer Society
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© Wadsworth Publishing.
Cancer
Development
Incidence of
Cancer
Common
Sites of
Cancer
Assessing
Your
Risks
Guidelines for
Preventing
Cancer
Critical thinking
Have you ever had or do you
now have any family members
with cancer?
Can you identify lifestyle or
environmental factors as
possible contributors to the
disease?
If not, are you concerned about
your genetic predisposition, and
are you making lifestyle changes
to decrease your risk?
Hoeger & Hoeger. All slides
© Wadsworth Publishing.
Warning
Signals of
Cancer
Recommended
Check Ups
Cancer
Development
Incidence of
Cancer
Common
Sites of
Cancer
Assessing
Your
Risks
Guidelines for
Preventing
Cancer
Warning
Signals of
Cancer
Recommended
Check Ups
Cancer-causing factors
As much as 80% of all human cancer is related to
lifestyle or environmental factors
Diet
Obesity
Tobacco use
Sedentary lifestyle
Excessive use of alcohol
Exposure to occupational hazards
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Cancer-causing factors
SOURCE: Harvard Center for Cancer Prevention. Causes of Human Cancer, Harvard
Report on Cancer Prevention, 1 (1996).
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Figure 11.7
Cancer
Development
Incidence of
Cancer
Common
Sites of
Cancer
Assessing
Your
Risks
Guidelines for
Preventing
Cancer
Warning
Signals of
Cancer
Recommended
Check Ups
Guidelines for
preventing cancer
Get proper nutrition
Abstain from tobacco
Avoid excessive sun exposure
Monitor estrogen, radiation exposure, and potential
occupational hazards
Engage in physical activity
Maintain recommended body weight
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Cancer
Development
Incidence of
Cancer
Common
Sites of
Cancer
Assessing
Your
Risks
Guidelines for
Preventing
Cancer
Warning
Signals of
Cancer
Recommended
Check Ups
Dietary guidelines
Predominately a vegetarian diet (high in fiber and low in fat)
Should include a variety of fruits and vegetables, in particular
cruciferous vegetables
The use of tea, soy products, calcium, and omega-3 fats is
encouraged
Adequate fiber intake is recommended (25 to 38 gr/day)
Protein intake should be kept within the recommended
guidelines
Alcohol, if used at all, should be consumed in moderation (1 to
2 servings per day)
Grilling of meats at high temperatures is discouraged
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Cancer
Development
Incidence of
Cancer
Common
Sites of
Cancer
Assessing
Your
Risks
Guidelines for
Preventing
Cancer
Warning
Signals of
Cancer
Recommended
Check Ups
Dietary guidelines
Consume ample amounts of fruits and vegetables
which are high in antioxidants and phytochemicals
Antioxidants seem to
Absorb free radicals before they can cause damage
Interrupt the sequence of reactions once damage
has begun
Phytochemicals (plant chemicals) seem to prevent
cancer by blocking the formation of cancerous
tumors and disrupting the process at almost every
step of the way
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Cancer risks
Hoeger & Hoeger. All slides
© Wadsworth Publishing.
Cancer
Development
Incidence of
Cancer
Common
Sites of
Cancer
Assessing
Your
Risks
Guidelines for
Preventing
Cancer
Warning
Signals of
Cancer
Recommended
Check Ups
Abstain from tobacco use
The biggest carcinogenic exposure in the
workplace is cigarette smoke
Of all cancers, at least 28% are tied to
smoking, and 87% of lung cancers are tied
to smoking
Use of smokeless tobacco increases the
risk for mouth, larynx, throat, and
esophageal cancers
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© Wadsworth Publishing.
Cancer
Development
Incidence of
Cancer
Common
Sites of
Cancer
Assessing
Your
Risks
Guidelines for
Preventing
Cancer
Warning
Signals of
Cancer
Recommended
Check Ups
Avoiding excessive sun
Excessive exposure to ultraviolet radiation (both UVB and UVA
rays) contributes to skin cancer
1 in every 6 Americans will develop some type of skin cancer
The most common sites of skin cancer are those areas exposed
to the sun most often (face, neck, and back of the hands)
Nearly 90% of the almost 1 million yearly cases of basal cell or
squamous cell skin cancers in the U.S. could be prevented by
protecting the skin from the sun
Melanoma is the most deadly form of skin cancer, causing 7,700
yearly deaths
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© Wadsworth Publishing.
Cancer
Development
Incidence of
Cancer
Common
Sites of
Cancer
Assessing
Your
Risks
Guidelines for
Preventing
Cancer
Warning
Signals of
Cancer
Recommended
Check Ups
Avoiding excessive sun
Tanning of the skin is the body’s natural reaction to
permanent damage from too much sun
Even small doses of sunlight add up to a greater risk for
skin cancer and premature aging
Avoid sun exposure between 10:00 am and 4:00 pm
Sun lamps and tanning parlors provide mainly
ultraviolet A rays (UVA) and have been linked to
melanoma
Hoeger & Hoeger. All slides
© Wadsworth Publishing.
Cancer
Development
Incidence of
Cancer
Common
Sites of
Cancer
Assessing
Your
Risks
Guidelines for
Preventing
Cancer
Warning
Signals of
Cancer
Recommended
Check Ups
Avoiding excessive sun
Apply sunscreen lotion about 30 minutes before
lengthy exposure to the sun
A sun protection factor (SPF) of at least 15 is
recommended
When swimming or sweating, reapply
waterproof sunscreens often (sunscreens lose
strength when diluted)
Hoeger & Hoeger. All slides
© Wadsworth Publishing.
Cancer
Development
Incidence of
Cancer
Common
Sites of
Cancer
Assessing
Your
Risks
Guidelines for
Preventing
Cancer
Critical thinking
What significance does a
“healthy tan” have in your social
life?
Are you a “sun-worshiper,” or
are you concerned about skin
damage, premature aging, and
potential skin cancer in your
future?
Hoeger & Hoeger. All slides
© Wadsworth Publishing.
Warning
Signals of
Cancer
Recommended
Check Ups
Cancer
Development
Incidence of
Cancer
Common
Sites of
Cancer
Assessing
Your
Risks
Guidelines for
Preventing
Cancer
Warning
Signals of
Cancer
Recommended
Check Ups
Monitoring estrogen, radiation exposure,
& potential occupational hazards
Use of estrogen therapy has been linked to endometrial cancer in
some studies
Exposure to radiation increases the risk for cancer
(use the lowest dose possible to keep cancer risk down)
Occupational hazards increase the risk for cancer
Examples include asbestos fibers, nickel and uranium dusts, chromium
compounds, vinyl chloride, and bischlormethyl ether
Cigarette smoking magnifies the risk from
occupational hazards
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© Wadsworth Publishing.
Cancer
Development
Incidence of
Cancer
Common
Sites of
Cancer
Assessing
Your
Risks
Guidelines for
Preventing
Cancer
Warning
Signals of
Cancer
Recommended
Check Ups
Maintain physical activity
An active lifestyle seems to have a protective
effect against cancer
Cancer mortality in active men and
women is lower
A daily 30-minute moderate-intensity exercise
program lowers the risk for colon cancer and
may lower the risk for cancers of the breast
and reproductive system
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Association between
physical fitness and cancer
mortality
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Figure 11.9
Cancer
Development
Incidence of
Cancer
Common
Sites of
Cancer
Assessing
Your
Risks
Guidelines for
Preventing
Cancer
Warning
Signals of
Cancer
Recommended
Check Ups
Warning signals of cancer
Change in bowel or bladder habits
Sore that does not heal
Unusual bleeding or discharge
Thickening or lump in breast or elsewhere
Indigestion or difficulty in swallowing
Obvious change in wart or mole
Nagging cough or hoarseness
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Cancer
Development
Incidence of
Cancer
Common
Sites of
Cancer
Assessing
Your
Risks
Guidelines for
Preventing
Cancer
Warning
Signals of
Cancer
Recommended
Check Ups
Recommended check ups
Cancer-related checkup
Every 3 years for people 20–40
Every year for people age 40 and older
Might include examinations for
Cancers of the thyroid, oral cavity, skin, lymph nodes,
testes, and ovaries
Some nonmalignant diseases
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Cancer
Development
Incidence of
Cancer
Common
Sites of
Cancer
Assessing
Your
Risks
Guidelines for
Preventing
Cancer
Warning
Signals of
Cancer
Recommended
Check Ups
Recommended check ups
Breast check up
Women 40 and older should
Have an annual mammogram
Have an annual clinical breast examination (CBE)
(conducted close to and before mammogram)
Perform monthly breast self-examination (BSE)
Women 20–39 should
Have a clinical breast examination every 3 years
Perform monthly BSE
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Cancer
Development
Incidence of
Cancer
Common
Sites of
Cancer
Assessing
Your
Risks
Guidelines for
Preventing
Cancer
Warning
Signals of
Cancer
Recommended
Check Ups
Recommended check ups
Colon & rectum check up
Beginning at age 50, men and women at average risk
should follow one of the examination schedules below:
Fecal occult blood test (FOBT) every year, or
Flexible sigmoidoscopy every 5 years, or
FOBT every year and flexible sigmoidoscopy every 5
years, or
Double-contrast barium enema every 5 years, or
Colonoscopy every 10 years
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Cancer
Development
Incidence of
Cancer
Common
Sites of
Cancer
Assessing
Your
Risks
Guidelines for
Preventing
Cancer
Warning
Signals of
Cancer
Recommended
Check Ups
Recommended check ups
Prostate checkup
Beginning at age 50, men with life expectancy of at
least 10 years should have the choice of having these
tests annually
A prostate-specific antigen (PSA) test
A digital rectal exam
Men at high risk should begin testing at age 45
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Cancer
Development
Incidence of
Cancer
Common
Sites of
Cancer
Assessing
Your
Risks
Guidelines for
Preventing
Cancer
Warning
Signals of
Cancer
Recommended
Check Ups
Recommended check ups
Uterus check up
Cervix: All sexually active women or women 18 and older
should have these tests each year (less frequent after
three consecutive tests with normal findings)
Pap test
Pelvic examination
Endometrium: Beginning at age 35, women with or at
risk for hereditary non-polyposis colon cancer should be
offered an endometrial biopsy annually
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End of Chapter
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