Transcript Addiction - Cengage Learning

Chapter
Outline
Addiction
Drugs and
Dependence
Treatment
of
Addiction
Tobacco
Use
Smoking
Cessation
Life After
Cigarettes
Chapter 13
Freedom from
Addictive Behavior
Addiction
Drugs and
Dependence
Treatment
of
Addiction
Tobacco
Use
Smoking
Cessation
Key term
Addiction: Compulsive and
uncontrollable behavior(s)
or use of substance(s)
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Life After
Cigarettes
Addiction
Drugs and
Dependence
Treatment
of
Addiction
Tobacco
Use
Smoking
Cessation
Life After
Cigarettes
Addictive behaviors
Almost anything can be addictive:
Work, shopping, television, the Internet, computer
games, exercise, food, drugs
Other addictions include
Gambling, pornography, sex, people, places
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Addiction
Drugs and
Dependence
Treatment
of
Addiction
Tobacco
Use
Smoking
Cessation
Life After
Cigarettes
Addictive behaviors
The most serious type is chemical dependency
on drugs; Examples include
Socially “accepted” substances
Coffee, tobacco, alcohol
Illegal substances
Cocaine, methamphetamine, MDMA, ecstasy,
heroin, marijuana
Others
Prescription drugs
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Addiction
Drugs and
Dependence
Treatment
of
Addiction
Tobacco
Use
Smoking
Cessation
Life After
Cigarettes
Risk factors for addiction
The behavior is reinforced
The addiction is an attempt to meet a
basic need
Stress
Peer pressure
Acceptance within a value system
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Addiction
Drugs and
Dependence
Treatment
of
Addiction
Tobacco
Use
Smoking
Cessation
Life After
Cigarettes
Risk factors for addiction
Pain from serious illness
Pressure to perform or succeed
Low self-esteem
Genetic susceptibility
Society accepts addictive behaviors
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Addiction
Drugs and
Dependence
Treatment
of
Addiction
Tobacco
Use
Smoking
Cessation
Life After
Cigarettes
What is a drug?
A drug is any substance that alters the user’s
ability to function
Over-the-counter drugs
Prescription medications
Illegal substances
Many drugs lead to physical and
psychological dependence
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Addiction
Drugs and
Dependence
Treatment
of
Addiction
Tobacco
Use
Smoking
Cessation
Life After
Cigarettes
Drugs
Any drug can be misused or abused
Misuse: the intentional or inappropriate use of over-thecounter or prescribed medications
Abuse: the intentional or inappropriate use of a drug
resulting in physical, emotional, financial, intellectual, or
social consequences
The body often develops tolerance to drugs,
requiring a higher dose with subsequent use
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Addiction
Drugs and
Dependence
Treatment
of
Addiction
Tobacco
Use
Smoking
Cessation
Life After
Cigarettes
The influence of drug abuse
More than 50% of adolescent suicides are drug-related
Drug abuse can open the gate to other illegal activities
70% of federal inmates and 80% of state inmates have
abused drugs
60% of the world’s production of illegal drugs is
consumed in the U.S.
Americans spend more than $100 billion each year on
illegal drugs (more than for all U.S. crops)
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Addiction
Drugs and
Dependence
Treatment
of
Addiction
Tobacco
Use
Smoking
Cessation
Life After
Cigarettes
Marijuana
Most widely used illegal drug in the U.S.
Low doses yield a sedative effect
Larger doses produce physical and psychic changes
Short-term effects include
Tachycardia, difficulty in concentration, decreased
coordination, memory impairment, confusion, increased
heart attack risk
Long-term effects include
The amotivational syndrome, brain atrophy, brain damage,
immune system dysfunction, chronic bronchitis, lung
cancer, sterility, impotence
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Addiction
Drugs and
Dependence
Treatment
of
Addiction
Tobacco
Use
Smoking
Cessation
Critical thinking
The legalization of
marijuana for medical
purposes is being heatedly
debated across the United
States. Do you think this
decision should rest with
the government, medical
personnel, or the
individuals themselves?
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Life After
Cigarettes
Addiction
Drugs and
Dependence
Treatment
of
Addiction
Tobacco
Use
Smoking
Cessation
Life After
Cigarettes
Cocaine
96% of cocaine users previously used marijuana
20% of first time users will become addicted
Addiction becomes a lifetime nightmare
Popularity based on the almost immediate feeling of euphoria
Initial high
Alleviates fatigue, raises energy, decreases need for food and sleep
But increases risk of sudden death
Then comes the “crash”
Physiological and psychological depression leaving a desire for
additional drug
Long-term consequences include
Digestive disorders, malnutrition, insomnia, anxiety, cocaine psychosis
(“coke bugs”), tremors, seizures, strokes, cardiac arrhytmias
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Addiction
Drugs and
Dependence
Treatment
of
Addiction
Tobacco
Use
Smoking
Cessation
Life After
Cigarettes
Methamphetamine
Fastest growing drug problem in the U.S.
A central nervous system stimulant
Primary effect
Produces a feeling of well-being and increased motor activity
But decreases appetite, fatigue, and sleep
Chronic users experience
Inflammation of the heart lining, schizophrenia-like mental
disorder, and brain cell damage
Users are frequently involved in violent crime,
homicide, and suicide
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Addiction
Drugs and
Dependence
Treatment
of
Addiction
Tobacco
Use
Smoking
Cessation
Life After
Cigarettes
MDMA (Ecstasy)
Most common club drug in the U.S.
A stimulant and hallucinogenic drug
Promoted as a drug that increases energy, pleasure,
and self-confidence
Users may experience
Faintness, blurred vision, chills, sweating, nausea, muscle
tension, and teeth-grinding
Long-term effects include
Confusion, depression, sleep disorders, anxiety, aggression,
paranoia, and verbal and visual memory impairment
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Addiction
Drugs and
Dependence
Treatment
of
Addiction
Tobacco
Use
Smoking
Cessation
Life After
Cigarettes
Heroin
A sedative drug synthesized from morphine (opium)
An extremely addictive and tolerance-developing drug
Induces an almost immediate state of euphoria
An overdose can cause convulsions, coma, and death
Short-term use symptoms include
Bone and muscle pains, muscle spasms and cramps, runny nose and
eyes, drowsiness, slurred speech, nausea, and violent yawning
Long-term symptoms include
Hallucinations; nightmares; constipation; sexual difficulties; and
increased risk for lung, liver, and cardiovascular disease
SIDS is more frequently seen in children born to addicted mothers
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Addiction
Drugs and
Dependence
Treatment
of
Addiction
Tobacco
Use
Smoking
Cessation
Life After
Cigarettes
Alcohol
Alcohol abuse is one of the most significant
health-related drug problems in the U.S.
Alcohol intake impedes peripheral vision, impairs
the ability to see and hear, decreases reaction
time, hinders concentration and motor
performance, and causes impaired judgment of
distance and speed of moving objects
Alcohol use also lessens fear, increases risktaking behaviors, stimulates urination, and
induces sleep
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Alcohol
addiction
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Long-term effects of alcohol
abuse are serious and often
life-threatening
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Figure 13.1
A survey involving 56,000
college students showed that
GPA is related to average
number of drinks per week
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Figure 13.2
Addiction
Drugs and
Dependence
Treatment
of
Addiction
Tobacco
Use
Smoking
Cessation
Life After
Cigarettes
Students and alcohol misuse
30% of academic problems result from
alcohol misuse
36% of surveyed students admitted driving
while intoxicated
2 to 3% of U.S. college students will die from
alcohol-related causes (more students than
those who will receive advanced degrees)
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Addiction
Drugs and
Dependence
Treatment
of
Addiction
Tobacco
Use
Smoking
Cessation
Key term
Synergistic action: The
effect of mixing two or more
drugs, which can be much
greater than the drugs acting
by themselves
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Life After
Cigarettes
Stay in control
Decide ahead of time
what action to take if
your date puts you in
an uncomfortable
situation
Most people think they
are in control of their
drinking habits and do
not realize they have a
problem until they
become alcoholics
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Addiction
Drugs and
Dependence
Treatment
of
Addiction
Tobacco
Use
Smoking
Cessation
Life After
Cigarettes
Activities 13.1 & 13.2
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Addiction
Drugs and
Dependence
Treatment
of
Addiction
Tobacco
Use
Smoking
Cessation
Life After
Cigarettes
How to cut down on drinking
Determine that you want to cut down on
drinking
Set reasonable limits
Learn to say no politely and firmly
Drink slowly
Dilute your drinks
Do not drink on your own
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Addiction
Drugs and
Dependence
Treatment
of
Addiction
Tobacco
Use
Smoking
Cessation
Life After
Cigarettes
Treatment of addiction
Recognize that there is a problem
Recovery almost always requires professional help
Consult a physician, counseling center, or local
mental health clinic
Contact the National Center for Substance Abuse
Treatment at 1-800-662-HELP for 24-hour substance
abuse treatment centers in your area
Successful treatment includes psychotherapy,
medical care, and behavior modification
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Addiction
Drugs and
Dependence
Treatment
of
Addiction
Tobacco
Use
Smoking
Cessation
Life After
Cigarettes
Cigarette smoking
Cigarette smoking became popular in the
mid 1800s
Harmful effects of cigarette smoking
became known in the 1960s
More than 1,200 toxic chemicals have
been found in tobacco smoke
Tar contains about 60 chemical
compounds that are proven carcinogens
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Addiction
Drugs and
Dependence
Treatment
of
Addiction
Tobacco
Use
Smoking
Cessation
Life After
Cigarettes
Key terms
Nicotine: Addictive
compound found in
tobacco leaves
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Tar: Chemical compound
that forms during the
burning of tobacco leaves
Addiction
Drugs and
Dependence
Treatment
of
Addiction
Tobacco
Use
Smoking
Cessation
Life After
Cigarettes
Morbidity & mortality
The World Health Organization estimates that
10% of the 5 billion people presently living will
die from smoking-related illnesses
Cigarettes kill 26 times as many people as all
illegal drugs combined (about 440,000/year)
Cigarette smoking is the single largest
preventable cause of illness and premature
death in the U.S.
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Addiction
Drugs and
Dependence
Treatment
of
Addiction
Tobacco
Use
Smoking
Cessation
Life After
Cigarettes
Morbidity & mortality
The most common carcinogenic exposure in the
workplace is cigarette smoke
Secondhand smoke causes an estimated 35,000 to
40,000 yearly deaths from heart disease in nonsmokers
About 3,000 people die each year from lung cancer
because of secondhand smoke
Pipe and cigar smoking and chewing tobacco also
increase the mortality rates from heart disease and
lung, lip, mouth, and larynx cancer
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Every day, 1,200 Americans
die from smoking
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Figure 13.4
Addiction
Drugs and
Dependence
Treatment
of
Addiction
Tobacco
Use
Smoking
Cessation
Life After
Cigarettes
Smoking-related problems
Causes heart disease, cancer, stroke, aortic aneurysm,
chronic bronchitis, emphysema, and peptic ulcers
On average, each cigarette shortens life expectancy
by 7 minutes
87% of lung cancer and 30% of all cancers are
caused by smoking
Smoking affects the cardiovascular system by increasing
heart rate, blood pressure, susceptibility to atherosclerosis,
blood clots, coronary artery spasm, cardiac arrhythmia, and
arteriosclerotic peripheral vascular disease
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Addiction
Drugs and
Dependence
Treatment
of
Addiction
Tobacco
Use
Smoking
Cessation
Life After
Cigarettes
Smoking-related problems
As far as the extra load on the heart is concerned, smoking one
pack of cigarettes per day is the equivalent of carrying between 50
and 75 pounds of excess body fat
Smoking is the most prevalent cause of injury and death from fire
Cigarette smoke contains carbon monoxide which reduces the
blood’s oxygen carrying capacity
Carbon monoxide and nicotine can cause damage to the arterial
wall, enhancing atherosclerosis
Smoking causes increased adhesiveness and clustering of
platelets, increasing blood thickness that may precipitate
a heart attack
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Figure 13.3
A normal
and a
diseased
alveoli
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Addiction
Drugs and
Dependence
Treatment
of
Addiction
Tobacco
Use
Smoking
Cessation
Life After
Cigarettes
Critical thinking
Cigarette smoking is the largest
preventable cause of premature
illness and death in the United
States. Do you think the
government should outlaw the use
of tobacco in all forms? Or does
the individual have the right to
engage in self-destructive
behavior?
Hoeger & Hoeger. All slides
© Wadsworth Publishing.
Addiction
Drugs and
Dependence
Treatment
of
Addiction
Tobacco
Use
Smoking
Cessation
Life After
Cigarettes
Economic impact
Smokers use the health care system twice as
much as nonsmokers
A smoking employee costs an employer up to
an additional $4,611 annually
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Addiction
Drugs and
Dependence
Treatment
of
Addiction
Tobacco
Use
Smoking
Cessation
Critical thinking
You are in a designated
nonsmoking area and the
person next to you lights up
a cigarette. What can you
say to this person to protect
your right to clean air?
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Life After
Cigarettes
Addiction
Drugs and
Dependence
Treatment
of
Addiction
Tobacco
Use
Smoking
Cessation
Life After
Cigarettes
Smokeless tobacco
Use has increased during the last 15 years
Leads to health problems
Gingivitis and periodontitis
Four times greater risk of oral cancer
Increased cavities, sore gums, bad breath,
and stained teeth
Diminishes smell and taste
Increases heart rate and blood pressure
Just as addictive as cigarette smoking
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Addiction
Drugs and
Dependence
Treatment
of
Addiction
Tobacco
Use
Smoking
Cessation
Life After
Cigarettes
Smoking cessation
Nicotine is perhaps the most addictive drug
known to humans
75 to 90% of smokers would like to quit
Most important factor in quitting is sincere desire
to do so
20% of smokers who try to quit succeed the first time
More than 91% of successful ex-smokers have been
able to quit on their own
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Addiction
Drugs and
Dependence
Treatment
of
Addiction
Tobacco
Use
Smoking
Cessation
Life After
Cigarettes
Activities 13.3 & 13.4
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Addiction
Drugs and
Dependence
Treatment
of
Addiction
Tobacco
Use
Smoking
Cessation
Life After
Cigarettes
Activities 13.5 & 13.6
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Addiction
Drugs and
Dependence
Treatment
of
Addiction
Tobacco
Use
Smoking
Cessation
Life After
Cigarettes
Steps to smoking cessation
1.
Decide positively that you want to quit
2.
Initiate a personal diet and exercise program
3.
Decide on the approach you will use to stop smoking
1.
2.
Cold turkey
Cutting down gradually
4.
Keep a daily log of your smoking habit for a few days
5.
Set the target date for quitting
6.
Stock up on low-calorie foods
7.
Quit!
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Addiction
Drugs and
Dependence
Treatment
of
Addiction
Tobacco
Use
Smoking
Cessation
Life After
Cigarettes
Life after cigarettes
Withdrawal symptoms should be expected
Physiological addiction is broken in about 3
days following the last cigarette
Psychological addiction takes longer, possibly
years to break
Benefits begin right after smoking cessation
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Addiction
Drugs and
Dependence
Treatment
of
Addiction
Tobacco
Use
Smoking
Cessation
Life After
Cigarettes
Following smoking cessation
Risk for illness starts to decrease the moment
you stop smoking
Sore throats, sores in the mouth, hoarseness, cigarette
cough, and risk for peptic ulcers decrease
Circulation to the hands and feet improve
Gastrointestinal, kidney, and bladder functions improve
Everything tastes and smells better
You will have more energy
You gain a sense of freedom, pride, and well-being
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Addiction
Drugs and
Dependence
Treatment
of
Addiction
Tobacco
Use
Smoking
Cessation
Life After
Cigarettes
Critical thinking
If you ever smoked or now smoke
cigarettes, discuss your perceptions of
how others accepted your behavior.
If you smoked and have quit, how did
you accomplish the task, and has it
helped in how you are viewed by
others?
If you never smoked, how do perceive
smokers?
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End of Chapter
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