Transcript EARTH SCIENCE FINAL

EARTH SCIENCE
FINAL
PREP
• Where did the matter that
makes up the earth most
directly come from?
•Giant exploded stars
that formed nebula
of dust and gas
•How do we know
the earth isn’t
made of matter
from the BIG
BANG?
•Because the Big
Bang only produced
Helium, Hydrogen
and a couple of trace
elements
•Where did our
atmosphere first
come from?
• Volcanoes gave off
carbon dioxide, water
vapor, nitrogen and
other gasses
• Where did the oceans
most directly come
from after the earth
cooled down a lot?
•Condensation of
water vapor in the
atmosphere
• Why are the daytime
and nighttime
temperature the same
on Venus?
• It’s carbon dioxide
atmosphere lets
sunlight in, but doesn’t
let the heat back out
• What causes the
pressure in a star that
causes it to begin its
burning reaction?
•GRAVITY
• If very humid warm air
hits very cold humid
air, what kind of
weather is most likely
to occur?
Precipitation of
some sort,
depending on
the temperature
•Maritime air
masses are
always?
Wet
• Tropical air masses are
always
•Warm
• Continental air masses
are always
•Dry
•Polar air masses are
always
•Cold
What is the largest object?
Left to Right
•Dust & Gas
•Planetesimals
•Proto-planets
•Planet
• Why do planets finally
stop getting larger?
•They sweep up all
of the dust and gas
•Why is Neptune the
coldest planet?
•Farthest from the
sun
•Why was the earth
once molten? (What
was the main cause
of the heat?)
•Collisions of the
proto-planets
melted it
• What is the force that
causes particles in space
to keep forming larger and
larger clumps until they
finally become a planet?
•Force = Gravity
•Why is Venus hotter
than Mercury ?
• Heat from the sun radiates
away from Mercury because
it has no atmosphere.
• Heat from the sun can’t
escape Venus’
atmosphere because it is
made of carbon dioxide
• Why were the gas giants
able to capture hydrogen
when the inner planets were
unable to capture hydrogen?
• Near the sun, hydrogen and
helium are warm and move
too fast fro a planet to
capture them.
• Out near the gas giants it is
very cold and the molecules
slow down enough to be
captured by the planets
gravity
•What protects us
from solar wind on
earth?
• Earth’s magnetosphere
or magnetic field
• The temperature of a star
can be determined by it’s
color. What is the correct
order of star colors from the
coolest to the hottest?
•Red Cool
•Yellow Warmer
•White Hot
•Blue REAL HOT
• How can we tell when a
blue star or a white star
dies?
•They EXPLODE!
•BOOM!
•What type of star
is the coolest?
•Red dwarf
•What type of star
is our sun?
•Yellow
• What type of star has
the most gravity?
•Blue
•What type of star
has the least
gravity?
•Red Dwarf
•Iceland is warmer
than would be
expected because of
•The heat from the
gulf stream current
heats Iceland
• The type of energy
transfer where a hot
fluid (liquid or gas)
rises then sinks again
is called
•Convection
• Heated fluid's
molecules push apart
causing the fluid to
expand and become ---.
•Less Dense
• In a fluid mixture,
(liquid or gas) the
LEAST DENSE fluid --.
•Floats to the top
• The type of energy
transfer where one
molecule in a solid
directly passes heat
energy to the molecule
next to it is called--.
•Conduction
•(the molecules
have to touch)
• The type of energy
transfer where energy
travels in electromagnetic
waves through space is
called - -
•RAYdiation
• When you get a suntan
it demonstrates what
type of energy
transfer?
•Radiation
• Why does the wind
blow out from the
beach toward the
ocean on a cool Fall
night?
• Warm water heats the air
that touches it, causes it
to become less dense and
rise. Cool air is pulled out
from the beach to replace
the air that has risen
• If you mix 3 colored fluids
together, how can you tell
which one is the least
dense?
•The one that
floats to the top
is the least dense
• What time if year is a
temperature inversion
most likely to occur in
Denver?
•Late winter or
early spring
• (Cold ground, and possibility of
warm air from the desert
• What weather conditions
do you need for an
inversion to occur?
•Cold Ground
•Warm upper air from
somewhere else
•Fairly calm air
• Why does the smoke
stop rising in an
inversion?
• As the smoke rises
through the cold air it
cools and becomes
more dense. When it
reaches the warm air
the smoke is denser
than the warm air and
cannot float through it.
• what type of energy
transfer is always
powering the air flow?
•Convection
• On the first day of
Spring or Fall, what
place on Earth will
have 12 hours of
sunlight?
•All places on
earth will have 12
hours of daylight
and 12 hours of
darkness
• On the first day of our
spring, which direction
does Earth’s North axis
Point?
• Neither toward nor away
from the sun. The axis is
actually pointing
sideways to the sun on
the first day of spring and
the first day of fall
• On the first day of our
summer, which direction
does Earth’s North axis
Point?
•Toward the sun
• Mars used to have both
running water and an
atmosphere. Why are
both nearly gone now?
•It’s magnetic field
collapsed and the
solar wind blew
them away.
• If our yellow sun is 6
billion years old, how
much longer do we
think it will live?
•About 4
billion years
• Where does
INTRUSIVE igneous
rock form?
•Inside the
volcano or
the ground
• EXTRUSIVE igneous
rock generally has
______.
•Large crystals
form because it
takes a long
time to cool
• Acid rain affects what
type of rock most
strongly?
•Limestone
•Marble
•Calcite
• How do lichens affect
the weathering
process?
•They secrete acid
that etches the
rock
• Sink holes are results
of what type of
weathering?
• Chemical, because
acid rain seeps into the
rock to dissolve the
rock, thus forming
caves. When the roof
caves in it leaves a
sinkhole
•What is the cause of
exfoliation?
• Daily heating and
cooling makes the
outer layer of the rock
expand and shrink,
causing it to eventually
peel away from the
inner part of the rock
• What are the properties of
any mineral?
–A mineral is a natural
inorganic solid with
one chemical formula
and aspecific
crystalline structure
•TELL ME THE
CORRECT CLASS
OF WEATHERING on
the next few slides
•Water abrasion
•Mechanical
•Wind abrasion
•Mechanical
•Acid Rain
•CHEMICAL
•RUST
CHEMICAL
•Exfoliation
•Mechanical
•Root wedging
•BIOLOGICAL
•Ice wedging
•Mechanical
•Lichens
•BIOLOGICAL
•Me, throwing a
rock off a cliff
•BIOLOGICAL
• What are
characteristics of
minerals that can be
used to identify them?
• Color
• Hardness
• Streak
• Density
• Luster
• Crystal shape
• Acid test
•Explain what
causes unloading.
• A rock deep underground
forms under great
pressure. When that
pressure is unloaded by
weathering of the
overlaying rock, the
formerly buried rock
expands and cracks
• Why does intrusive
igneous rock have
large crystals?
• Mineral crystals take a
long time to form. Rock
that cools inside the
earth cools very slowly,
thus giving the crystals
time to grow.
•To make igneous
rock from any type
of rock you need
•MELTING HEAT
•To make
sedimentary rock
from any type of
rock you need
•WEATHERING
• To make metamorphic
rock from any type of
rock you need
•HEAT
•PRESSURE
•& OR
•HOT WATER
• Rocks that came from
dissolved seashells but
were deposited
chemically are what type
of rock?
•ORGANIC
because thay
came from living
things
•What is foliation in
metamorphic rock?
EITHER
extreme layering
OR
bands of color
•Crystals in foliated
metamorphic rock
under extreme
pressure often
•Flatten out and
fuse to the crystals
next to them.
•This causes
foliation
• Bits and pieces of
weathered rock that are
squeezed together and
harden into rock form what
type of sedimentary rock?
•CLASTIC
Sedimentary
Rock
•Baltimore Gneiss
has what type of
banding?
•Nice easy to
see banding
•Why must
sedimentary rock
always cover coal?
•It provides the
pressure that
converts coal from
plant matter into
nearly pure carbon
rocks
•Where does
sedimentary rock
usually form?
•Almost
always
underwater
•Bituminous coal that
goes through
metamorphosis
becomes
•Anthracite coal
also called hard
coal
•a good example of a
non-foliated
metamorphic rock is
Non-foliated Metamorphic Rock
•Marble
•Amphibolite
•Anthracite
•a good example of a
foliated
metamorphic rock is
Foliated metamorphic rock
• Slate
• Mica
• Gneiss
• Schist
• Phyllite
What type of volcano is in the
picture below?
•Shield
•Don’t blow up
•Tallest mountain
in the world
Shield up to 30,000 ft
What type of volcano is in the
picture below?
•Cinder cone –
•Smallest volcano
•Loose rock
•Doesn’t blow up
Cinder Cone – 200 – 1800 ft
What type of volcano is in the
picture below?
Composite – 10,000 – 15,000 Ft
Type of mountain?
FOLDED- see the folds?
Type of mountain?
Uplifted! See the arrow?
•Why do composite
volcanoes tend to
blow up?
• They are composed of many
layers that don’t stick
together well. They will hold
a lot of pressure, but
eventually aren’t strong
enough to hold it and BLOW
UP
•How does pressure
cause foliation in
some metamorphic
rocks?
• Pressure causes the
crystals in the rock to
flatten and fuse to the
crystals next to them,
thus making bands of
color or actual layers
that peel apart
!!KCUL DOOG