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DNA Fingerprinting, Recombinant DNA, Genetic Engineering, Karyotyping GENE TECHNOLOGY IN Activity What do you already know about some of the ways scientists can alter the genes of an organism? What is a GENOME? A genome is the total collection of genes an organism has. Ex: Human Genome Project- scientists now know the sequence of 20,500 genes! Gene technology helps scientists study genomes of organisms DNA Fingerprinting Also called DNA Profiling Used to determine paternity or to find criminals with DNA left at crime scenes Everyone’s DNA fingerprint is unique….except identical twins! Although, you will have characteristics of your mother’s and father’s fingerprints DNA Fingerprinting If only a small amount of DNA is available, you can induce replication using polymerase molecules extracted from bacteria This is called a Polymerase Chain Reaction, or PCR DNA Fingerprinting DNA Fingerprinting Special enzymes called restriction enzymes cut the DNA in specific places This creates different sized pieces of DNA Everyone’s DNA will be cut into different sized pieces EXCEPT identical twins This cut DNA is placed into an agarose gel which is then hooked to electrodes DNA Fingerprinting DNA is negatively charged, so it travels toward the positive electrode Smaller pieces travel faster and make it farther away from the starting point This is called Gel Electrophoresis Who committed the crime? Recombinant DNA Scientists use recombinant DNA technology to “trick” bacteria into making things we need Insulin for injections is made using this process Recombinant DNA: Making insulin Steps: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. The insulin gene is isolated and cut out of a human cell A plasmid is removed from a bacterial cell A piece of the plasmid is removed and the human gene is inserted The recombinant plasmid is inserted back into the bacterial cell The bacterial cell will now produce insulin as a product of its transcription and translation Some other uses for Recombinant DNA Chymosin – used to make cheese Human growth hormone – used to supplement growth or as a performance enhancing drug Blood clotting factors – for patients with hemophilia Hepatitis B Vaccine Genetic Engineering Genetic Engineering Used frequently in the agriculture industry Organisms that have been genetically engineered are referred to as GMOs, or Genetically Modified Organisms Can be used to make crops drought-resistant, resistant to pests or pesticides, etc. in order to increase yields. Karyotyping Karyotype-picture of chromosomes Helps to identify chromosomal mutations (NOT DNA mutations) Karyotyping Monosomy = one copy of a chromosome Trisomy = three copies of a chromosome Caused by NON- DISJUNCTION during meiosis OUT: Describe DNA Fingerprinting, Recombinant DNA Technology, Genetic Engineering, and Karyotyping in your own words.