Biology Chapter 9
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Transcript Biology Chapter 9
Section One: Manipulating DNA
Manipulating DNA
Artificial nucleotides
can be made
Chemical mutagens can
change a DNA sequence
Enzymes can cut and
copy DNA
Enzyme: protein that
catalyzes, or speeds up,
chemical reactions in
organisms
Section One: Manipulating DNA
Restriction Enzymes
Enzymes that cut DNA
molecules at specific
nucleotide sequences
Created from bacteria
Nucleotides sequences
where cut occurs is called a
restriction site
Each restriction enzyme has
a different restriction site
Scientist can cut out small
sections of DNA to study
Section One: Manipulating DNA
Restriction Enzymes
Some make staggered
cuts
These leave tails of free
DNA
Tails are called sticky ends
If two complementary
sticky ends come together,
the two segments can
bond toghether
Section One: Manipulating DNA
Gel Electrophoresis
Allows DNA fragments to be
separated by size
Uses electricity
The length of the DNA
fragment can be determined
by the distance it travels on
the gel
Larger fragments will travel
slower and not make as far
down the gel
Restriction Maps: show the
lengths of DNA fragments
between restriction sites in a
strand of DNA
Section Two: Copying DNA
Polymerase Chain
Reaction
A technique used to
produce copies of a
DNA sequence
Can make millions to
billions of copies in a
few hours
Can be used to study
DNA
Section Three: DNA Fingerprinting
DNA Fingerprint
the representation of parts of
an individual’s DNA that can
be used to identify a person at
the molecular level
Every DNA fingerprint is unique
for every person unless they are
an identical twin
They are visualized using gel
electrophoresis
DNA fingerprints of individuals
can be compared to identify
people and compare related
individuals
When determining paternity, a
child must receive a band from
either the mother or the father. If
the bands do not match, that male
cannot be the father
Section Three: DNA Fingerprinting
DNA Fingerprinting
Each person has a different number of copies of repeats
of nucleotides
Section Three: DNA Fingerprinting
DNA Fingerprinting
Can be used to identify someone based on probability
Usually compares 13 regions of the genome
Can be used for crime scenes
Section Four: Genetic Engineering
Cloning
Clone: genetically identical copy of a gene or of an
organism
Human identical twins are clones of each other
Dolly the sheep was the first cloned mammal in 1997
Clones may not look exactly or act exactly like the original
since gene expression is also affected by other factors like
environment
Being studied to help endangered species and creating human
organs for transplants
Controversial because the success rate is low, it can reduce
biodiversity, and clone mammals develop can develop many
problems like short life spans
Section Four: Genetic Engineering
Genetic Engineering
Changing an organism’s DNA to give the organism new
traits
Can be used because all organisms use the same genetic
code
Uses recombinant DNA
Recombinant DNA: DNA that contains genes from more
than one organism
Bacteria is commonly used for genetic engineering
Bacteria have plasmids
Plasmids: tiny rings of DNA found in bacteria
Plasmids can be cut open and foreign DNA can be
inserted to close the ring if the sticky ends match
Section Four: Genetic Engineering
Genetic Engineering
Produces organisms with new
traits
Transgenic Organism:
organism has one or more
genes from another organism
inserted into its genome
Plants: can gain resistant genes
to pests, diseases, and frost
Animals: transgenic mice are
used to study human
development and disease
Can help us understand how
cancer works
Can also tell us the function of
some genes
Section Four: Genetic Engineering
Genetic Engineering
Concerns
How will it effect human health?
Is it ethical?
GM foods could cause allergic reactions or other unknown
side effects
How will it effect biodiversity and the environment
Could decrease genetic diversity
Section Five: Genomics
Genomics
The study of genomes
Includes sequencing all an organism’s DNA
Gene sequencing: determining the order of DNA
nucleotides in genes or in the genome
Human Genome Project Goals
Map and sequence all of the DNA base pairs of the human
chromosomes
Identify all of the genes within the sequence
All genes were sequenced in 2003
Section Six: Genetic Screening and
Gene Therapy
Genetic Screening
The process of testing
DNA to determine a
person’s risk of having or
passing on a genetic
disorder
Can only tests for certain
diseases as our knowledge
of the genome is limited
Can be done to a baby in
utero
Can be done to determine
the chances of breast cancer
Do they have the BRCA1
gene?
Section Six: Genetic Screening and
Gene Therapy
Gene Therapy
The replacement of defective or missing genes, or the
addition of a new gene, into a person’s genome
Can be used in stem cells for sick patients
Can insert “suicide” genes into cancer cells
Extremely difficult and still experimental