Transcript Chapter 8 - Monsignor Farrell High School

Chapter 8
development across the life span
psychology
fourth edition
Psychology, Fourth Edition, AP Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White
© 2015, 2012, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Why Study How Behavior
Develops?
• By studying the various areas of development,
we can discover what patterns of behavior
normally develops
• Allows groups to prepare for the next step of
their development (ex- help prepare a child
when to walk, help prepare a parent of when a
child should walk, etc)
• All development is different for each person,
however, rates of development usually fit into a
pattern that is similar for most people
Psychology, Fourth Edition, AP Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White
© 2015, 2012, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Nature vs Nurture
• The nature vs nurture debate is a
debatable controversy in psychology.
• Nature refers to heredity- Genes,
biological instances
• Nurture refers to upbringing
Ex- Is someone inherently violent? Or is it
learned?
Psychology, Fourth Edition, AP Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White
© 2015, 2012, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Continuity vs Discontinuity
• Continuity vs Discontinuity is another
controversy in Psychology
• Continuity – Development over time
• Discontinuity- In stages
Do humans develop over time or in stages?
Psychology, Fourth Edition, AP Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White
© 2015, 2012, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
5 Principles of Development
• Development follows a predictable pattern
Ex- Babies develop downward from the head to
the feet and develops in to out (arms, shoulders,
elbows, wrists, fingers)
• Individuals first develop general responses and
then proceed to specific responses
Ex- Baby reaching for a toy
• Development is a continuous process- There
can be stages but no one knows when the stage
begins and ends
Psychology, Fourth Edition, AP Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White
© 2015, 2012, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
• Each stage has unique features- each stage is
expressed differently, depending on the society
and the period of development involved (ie- the
rebellion period of adolescence is a feature of
our own society and culture)
• Early development is more important than later
development: crucial behaviors are learned
during early childhood (ie- walking, talking,
isolation, etc)
Psychology, Fourth Edition, AP Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White
© 2015, 2012, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Developmental Research Designs
LO 8.1 Special Research Methods Used to Study Development
• Human development: the scientific study
of the changes that occur in people as
they age from conception until death
• Longitudinal design: research design in
which one participant or group of
participants is studied over a long period
of time
– cohort effect: impact on development when a group of
people share common time period or life experience
Psychology, Fourth Edition, AP Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White
© 2015, 2012, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Longitudinal Design
LO 8.1 Special Research Methods Used to Study Development
Compare
Tested at 1 year
(Time 1)
Compare
Again at 4 years
(Time 2)
Again at 7 years
(Time 3)
Same Participants
Different Times
Different Times
Psychology, Fourth Edition, AP Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White
© 2015, 2012, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Different Times
Developmental Research Designs
LO 8.1 Special Research Methods Used to Study Development
• Cross-sectional design: research design in
which several different age groups of
participants are studied at one particular
point in time
• Cross-sequential design: research design
in which participants are first studied by
means of a cross-sectional design but also
followed and assessed for a period of no
more than six years
Psychology, Fourth Edition, AP Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White
© 2015, 2012, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Psychology, Fourth Edition, AP Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White
© 2015, 2012, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Nature versus Nurture
LO 8.2 The Relationship between Heredity and Environmental Factors
AP: Nature Versus Nurture
• Nature: the influence of our inherited
characteristics on our personality, physical
growth, intellectual growth, and social
interactions
• Nurture: the influence of the environment
on personality, physical growth, intellectual
growth, and social interactions
• Behavioral genetics: focuses on nature vs.
nurture
Psychology, Fourth Edition, AP Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White
© 2015, 2012, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Genetics and Development
LO 8.3 Chromosomes, Genes, DNA, and Multiple Births
AP: Nature Versus Nurture
• Genetics: the science of inherited traits
– behavioral genetics
• DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid): special
molecule that contains the genetic material
of the organism
Psychology, Fourth Edition, AP Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White
© 2015, 2012, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Figure 8.1 DNA Molecule
In this model of a DNA molecule, the two strands making up the sides of the “twisted ladder” are
composed of sugars and phosphates. The “rungs” of the ladder that link the two strands are amines.
Amines contain the genetic codes for building the proteins that make up organic life.
Psychology, Fourth Edition, AP Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White
© 2015, 2012, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Genetics and Development
LO 8.3 Chromosomes, Genes, and DNA
AP: Nature Versus Nurture
• Gene: section of DNA having a certain
pattern of chemical elements
– dominant: referring to a gene that actively
controls the expression of a trait
– recessive: referring to a gene that only
influences the expression of a trait when
paired with an identical gene
www.youtube.com/watch?v=prkHKjfUmMs
Psychology, Fourth Edition, AP Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White
© 2015, 2012, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Psychology, Fourth Edition, AP Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White
© 2015, 2012, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Figure 8.2 Dominant and Recessive Genes and PKU
This figure shows the variation of parents carrying one or two recessive genes and the result of this in their offspring.
(a) If only one parent carries the PKU gene, their children might be carriers, but will not have PKU.
Psychology, Fourth Edition, AP Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White
© 2015, 2012, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Figure 8.2 (continued) Dominant and Recessive Genes and PKU
This figure shows the variation of parents carrying one or two recessive genes and the result of this in their offspring.
(b) Only if both parents are carriers of PKU will a child have the 1 in 4 possibility of having PKU.
Psychology, Fourth Edition, AP Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White
© 2015, 2012, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Genetics and Development
LO 8.3 Chromosomes, Genes, and DNA
AP: Nature Versus Nurture
• Genetic disorders include PKU, cystic
fibrosis, sickle cell anemia, and Tay-Sachs
disease
• Chromosome: tightly wound strand of
genetic material or DNA
• Chromosome disorders include Down
syndrome, Klinefelter’s syndrome, and
Turner’s syndrome
Psychology, Fourth Edition, AP Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White
© 2015, 2012, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Genetics and Development
LO 8.3 Chromosomes, Genes, and DNA
AP: Conception and Gestation
• Conception: the moment at which a female
becomes pregnant
• Ovum: the female sex cell, or egg
• Fertilization: the union of the ovum and
sperm
• Zygote: cell resulting from the uniting of
the ovum and sperm; divides into many
cells, eventually forming the baby
Psychology, Fourth Edition, AP Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White
© 2015, 2012, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Conception and Twins
LO 8.3 Chromosomes, Genes, and DNA
AP: Conception and Gestation
• Monozygotic twins: identical twins
– formed when one zygote splits into two
separate masses of cells, each of which
develops into a separate embryo
• Dizygotic twins: often called fraternal twins
– occur when two eggs get fertilized by two
different sperm, resulting in the development
of two zygotes in the uterus at the same time
Psychology, Fourth Edition, AP Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White
© 2015, 2012, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Figure 8.3 Monozygotic and Dizygotic Twins
Because identical twins come from one fertilized egg (zygote), they are called monozygotic. Fraternal twins, who come
from two different fertilized eggs, are called dizygotic.
Psychology, Fourth Edition, AP Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White
© 2015, 2012, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Periods of Pregnancy
LO 8.4 Germinal, Embryonic, and Fetal Periods of Pregnancy
AP: Conception and Gestation
• Germinal period: first two weeks after
fertilization, during which the zygote
moves down to the uterus and begins to
implant in the lining
– embryo is the name for the developing
organism from two weeks to eight weeks after
fertilization
Psychology, Fourth Edition, AP Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White
© 2015, 2012, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Periods of Pregnancy
LO 8.4 Germinal, Embryonic, and Fetal Periods of Pregnancy
AP: Conception and Gestation
• Embryonic period: the period from two to
eight weeks after fertilization, during which
the major organs and structures of the
organism develop
– critical periods: times during which certain
environmental influences can have an impact
on the development of the infant
– teratogen: any factor that can cause a birth
defect
Psychology, Fourth Edition, AP Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White
© 2015, 2012, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Psychology, Fourth Edition, AP Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White
© 2015, 2012, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Periods of Pregnancy
LO 8.4 Germinal, Embryonic, and Fetal Periods of Pregnancy
AP: Conception and Gestation
• Fetal period: the time from about eight
weeks after conception until the birth of
the child
– fetus: name for the developing organism from
eight weeks after fertilization to the birth of the
baby
– viability: the point at which it is possible for an
infant to survive outside the womb, usually
about 22-26 weeks
Psychology, Fourth Edition, AP Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White
© 2015, 2012, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Physical Development in Infancy and Childhood
LO 8.5 Physical Changes in Infancy and Childhood
AP: Maturation of Motor Skills
• Infants are born with reflexes that help
them survive
– grasping
– Moro (startle)
– rooting
– stepping
– Sucking
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gyVLD0hl0X
Y
Psychology, Fourth Edition, AP Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White
© 2015, 2012, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Psychology, Fourth Edition, AP Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White
© 2015, 2012, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Psychology, Fourth Edition, AP Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White
© 2015, 2012, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Physical Development in Infancy and Childhood
LO 8.5 Physical Changes in Infancy and Childhood
• The senses, except for vision, are fairly
well developed at birth
• Brain development
– synaptic pruning: unused synaptic
connections and nerve cells are cleared away
to make way for functioning connections and
cells
Psychology, Fourth Edition, AP Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White
© 2015, 2012, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Cognitive Development
LO 8.6 Cognitive and Linguistic Development
AP: Maturation of Cognitive Abilities/Identify Key Contributors
• Cognitive development: the development
of thinking, problem solving, and memory
• Jean Piaget: developed a four-stage
theory of cognitive development based on
observation of infants and children
– schemes: mental concepts formed by children
as they experience new situations and events
Psychology, Fourth Edition, AP Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White
© 2015, 2012, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Psychology, Fourth Edition, AP Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White
© 2015, 2012, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Piaget’s Stage Theory
LO 8.6 Cognitive and Linguistic Development
AP: Maturation of Cognitive Abilities
• Sensorimotor stage: Piaget’s first stage of
cognitive development, in which the infant
uses its senses and motor abilities to
interact with objects in the environment
– object permanence: the knowledge that an
object exists even when it is not in sight
– https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ue8yJVhjS0
Psychology, Fourth Edition, AP Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White
© 2015, 2012, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Piaget’s Stage Theory
LO 8.6 Cognitive and Linguistic Development
AP: Maturation of Cognitive Abilities
• Preoperational stage: Piaget’s second stage of cognitive
development, in which the preschool child learns to use
language as a means of exploring the world
– egocentrism: the inability to see the world through
anyone else’s eyes
– centration: in Piaget’s theory, the tendency of a
young child to focus only on one feature of an object
while ignoring other relevant features
– https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8hLubgpY
2_w
Psychology, Fourth Edition, AP Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White
© 2015, 2012, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Piaget’s Stage Theory
LO 8.6 Cognitive and Linguistic Development
AP: Maturation of Cognitive Abilities
• Preoperational Stage (cont’d)
– conservation: in Piaget’s theory, the ability to
understand that simply changing the
appearance of an object does not change the
object’s nature
– irreversibility: in Piaget’s theory, the inability of
the young child to mentally reverse an action
– https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GLj0IZFLKvg
Psychology, Fourth Edition, AP Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White
© 2015, 2012, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Figure 8.7 Conservation Experiment
A typical conservation task consists of pouring equal amounts of water into two glasses of the same size and shape.
When the water from one of these glasses is poured into a taller, narrower glass, children who cannot yet conserve
tend to focus (centrate) on the height of the water in the second glass, assuming that the second glass now has more
water than the first one. In the second example, pennies are laid out in two equal lines. When the pennies in the top line
are spaced out, the child who cannot yet conserve will centrate on the top line and assume that there are actually more
pennies in that line.
Psychology, Fourth Edition, AP Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White
© 2015, 2012, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Piaget’s Stage Theory
LO 8.6 Cognitive and Linguistic Development
AP: Maturation of Cognitive Abilities
• Concrete operations stage: third stage of
cognitive development, in which the school-aged
child becomes capable of logical thought
processes but is not yet capable of abstract
thinking
• Formal operations: Piaget’s last stage of
cognitive development, in which the adolescent
becomes capable of abstract thinking
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zjJdcXA1KH
8
Psychology, Fourth Edition, AP Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White
© 2015, 2012, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
AP
Piaget’s Stage Theory
Psychology, Fourth Edition, AP Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White
© 2015, 2012, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Criticisms of Piaget Theory
• Formal Operations found in only 30-40%
of adolescents and adults
• Absent in many non literate cultures
• Training can influence performance
Psychology, Fourth Edition, AP Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White
© 2015, 2012, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Vygotsky’s Theory
LO 8.6 Cognitive and Linguistic Development
AP: Maturation of Cognitive Abilities/Identify Key Contributors
• Scaffolding: process in which a more
skilled learner gives help to a less skilled
learner, then reduces the amount of help
as the less skilled learner becomes more
capable
Psychology, Fourth Edition, AP Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White
© 2015, 2012, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Vygotsky’s Theory
LO 8.6 Cognitive and Linguistic Development
AP: Maturation of Cognitive Abilities
• Zone of proximal development (ZPD): the
difference between what a child can do
alone and what that child can do with the
help of a teacher
– private speech: Vygotsky viewed this as a
way for a child to “think out loud” and advance
cognitively
Psychology, Fourth Edition, AP Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White
© 2015, 2012, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Language Development
LO 8.6 Cognitive and Linguistic Development
AP: Language Acquisition, Development, and Use
• Language development allows children to:
– think in words rather than images
– ask questions
– communicate their needs
– form concepts
• Child-directed speech: children attend to
higher-pitched, repetitious, sing-song
speech
Psychology, Fourth Edition, AP Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White
© 2015, 2012, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Stages of Language Development
LO 8.6 Cognitive and Linguistic Development
•
•
•
•
•
AP: Language Acquisition, Development, and Use
Cooing
Babbling
One-Word Speech (Holophrases)
Telegraphic Speech
Whole sentences
Psychology, Fourth Edition, AP Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White
© 2015, 2012, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Autism Spectrum Disorder
LO 8.6 Cognitive and Linguistic Development
AP: Maturation of Cognitive Abilities
• Autism spectrum disorder (ASD):
developmental disorder encompassing a
range of problems in thinking, feeling,
language, and social skills
– myths relating ASD and vaccines have been
debunked
Psychology, Fourth Edition, AP Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White
© 2015, 2012, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Temperament
LO 8.7 Developing Personalities, Forming Relationships, and Erikson’s First Four Stages of Psychosocial Development
AP: Temperament, Attachment, and Socialization
• Temperament: behavioral characteristics
that are fairly well established at birth
– easy: regular, adaptable, and happy
– difficult: irregular, nonadaptable, and irritable
– slow to warm up: need to adjust gradually to
change
Psychology, Fourth Edition, AP Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White
© 2015, 2012, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Attachment
LO 8.7 Developing Personalities, Forming Relationships, and Erikson’s First Four Stages of Psychosocial Development
AP: Temperament, Attachment, and Socialization
• Attachment: the emotional bond between
an infant and the primary caregiver
– secure: willing to explore; upset when mother
departs, but easily soothed upon her return
– avoidant: unattached; explores without
“touching base”
Psychology, Fourth Edition, AP Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White
© 2015, 2012, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Attachment
LO 8.7 Developing Personalities, Forming Relationships, and Erikson’s First Four Stages of Psychosocial Development
AP: Temperament, Attachment, and Socialization
• Attachment (cont’d)
– ambivalent: insecurely attached; upset when
mother leaves and then angry with mother
upon her return
– disorganized-disoriented: insecurely attached
and sometimes abused or neglected; child
seems fearful, dazed, and depressed
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QTsewNrH
UHU
Psychology, Fourth Edition, AP Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White
© 2015, 2012, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Attachment
LO 8.7 Developing Personalities, Forming Relationships, and Erikson’s First Four Stages of Psychosocial Development
AP: Temperament, Attachment, and Socialization/Identify Key Contributors
• Konrad Lorenz
– Imprinting: how infant animals attach
themselves to or follow the first animal/person
they see immediately after birth
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2UIU9XHmUI
Psychology, Fourth Edition, AP Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White
© 2015, 2012, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Attachment
LO 8.7 Developing Personalities, Forming Relationships, and Erikson’s First Four Stages of Psychosocial Development
AP: Temperament, Attachment, and Socialization/Identify Key Contributors
• Harlow monkey experiment
– In this experiment The wire surrogate
“mother” provides the food for this infant
rhesus monkey. But the infant spends all its
time with the soft, cloth-covered surrogate.
According to Harlow, this demonstrates the
importance of contact comfort in attachment.
Psychology, Fourth Edition, AP Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White
© 2015, 2012, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Self-Concept
LO 8.7 Developing Personalities, Forming Relationships, and Erikson’s First Four Stages of Psychosocial Development
AP: Temperament, Attachment, and Socialization
• Self-concept is the image you have of
yourself
– based on your interactions with the important
people in your life.
Psychology, Fourth Edition, AP Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White
© 2015, 2012, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Erikson’s Stages of Development
LO 8.7 Developing Personalities, Forming Relationships, and Erikson’s First Four Stages of Psychosocial Development
AP: Temperament, Attachment, and Socialization/Identify Key Contributors
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
1. Trust vs. Mistrust
2. Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt
3. Initiative vs. Guilt
4. Industry vs. Inferiority
5. Identity vs. Role Confusion
6. Intimacy vs. Isolation
7. Generativity vs. Stagnation
8. Ego Integrity vs. Despair
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i1vB8oKIWYg
Psychology, Fourth Edition, AP Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White
© 2015, 2012, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Puberty and Adolescence
LO 8.8 Changes of Adolescence, Concepts of Morality, and Erikson’s Search for Identity
AP: Maturational Changes in Adolescence
• Adolescence: the period of life from about
age thirteen to the early twenties, during
which a young person is no longer
physically a child but is not yet an
independent, self-supporting adult
• Puberty: the physical changes that occur
in the body as sexual development
reaches its peak
– period of about four years
Psychology, Fourth Edition, AP Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White
© 2015, 2012, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Sexual Development & Identity
LO 8.8 Changes of Adolescence, Concepts of Morality, and Erikson’s Search for Identity
AP: Maturational Changes in Adolescence/Identify Key Contributors
• Alfred Kinsey
– Sexual orientation is a continuum, not an
either/or situation
– The Kinsey Study
Psychology, Fourth Edition, AP Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White
© 2015, 2012, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Egocentric Thinking
LO 8.8 Changes of Adolescence, Concepts of Morality, and Erikson’s Search for Identity
AP: Maturational Changes in Adolescence
• Formal operations may begin to emerge
– Piaget’s final stage
– thinking of hypothetical situations
– egocentric thought remains
Psychology, Fourth Edition, AP Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White
© 2015, 2012, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Egocentric Thinking
LO 8.8 Changes of Adolescence, Concepts of Morality, and Erikson’s Search for Identity
AP: Maturational Changes in Adolescence
• Personal fable: young people believe
themselves to be unique and protected
from harm
• Imaginary audience: young people believe
that other people are just as concerned
about the adolescent’s thoughts and
characteristics as they themselves are
Psychology, Fourth Edition, AP Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White
© 2015, 2012, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Kohlberg’s Levels of Morality
LO 8.8 Changes of Adolescence, Concepts of Morality, and Erikson’s Search for Identity
AP: Maturational Changes in Adolescence/Models of Moral Development
1. Preconventional morality: behavior is governed
by the consequences of the behavior
2. Conventional morality: behavior is governed by
conforming to society’s norms of behavior
3. Postconventional morality: behavior is governed
by moral principles that have been decided on by
the individual
– may be in disagreement with accepted social norms
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CjPfI4Xu2CU
Psychology, Fourth Edition, AP Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White
© 2015, 2012, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Psychology, Fourth Edition, AP Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White
© 2015, 2012, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Gender Differences
LO 8.9 How Men and Women Differ in Thinking, Social Behavior, and Personality
AP: How Sex and Gender Affect Socialization
• Cognitive differences
– Differences in male and female test scores on verbal
abilities, math skills, and spatial skills is probably due
to psychological and social issues rather than
biological causes
• Social and personality differences
– Perceived differences are often the result of
stereotyped thinking about the sexes
 “report” versus “relate” communication styles
 Men listen with the left hemisphere of the brain; women listen
with both
Psychology, Fourth Edition, AP Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White
© 2015, 2012, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Erikson’s Fifth Stage
LO 8.8 Changes of Adolescence, Concepts of Morality, and Erikson’s Search for Identity
AP: Maturational Changes in Adolescence
• Identity versus role confusion: fifth stage of
personality development
– the adolescent must find a consistent sense
of self
• Parent–teen conflict
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wJMXk5i
bkQk
Psychology, Fourth Edition, AP Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White
© 2015, 2012, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
LO 8.8 Changes of Adolescence, Concepts of Morality, and Erikson’s Search for Identity
Psychology, Fourth Edition, AP Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White
© 2015, 2012, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Physical Changes and Aging
LO 8.10 Physical and Cognitive Changes during Adulthood and Aging
• Adulthood begins in the early twenties and
ends with old age and death
– divided into young adulthood, middle
adulthood, and late adulthood
– emerging adulthood, time from late
adolescence through the 20s
Psychology, Fourth Edition, AP Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White
© 2015, 2012, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Physical Changes and Aging
LO 8.10 Physical and Cognitive Changes during Adulthood and Aging
• Women experience a physical decline in
the reproductive system called the
climacteric
– ends at about age fifty with menopause: the
cessation of ovulation and menstrual cycles
and the end of a woman’s reproductive
capability
• Andropause: gradual changes in the sexual
hormones and reproductive system of
males
Psychology, Fourth Edition, AP Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White
© 2015, 2012, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Physical Changes and Aging
LO 8.10 Physical and Cognitive Changes during Adulthood and Aging
AP: Physical and Cognitive Changes in Aging
• Increase in health problems
• Decrease in reaction time
• Challenges in memory most likely caused
by stress and high volumes of information
to maintain
Psychology, Fourth Edition, AP Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White
© 2015, 2012, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Erikson’s Last Three Stages
LO 8.10 Physical and Cognitive Changes during Adulthood and Aging
AP: Physical and Cognitive Changes in Aging
Intimacy and Aging
• Intimacy versus isolation : an emotional
and psychological closeness that is based
on the ability to trust, share, and care,
while still maintaining a sense of self
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nkslY_Fx
w0Q
Psychology, Fourth Edition, AP Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White
© 2015, 2012, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Erikson’s Last Three Stages
LO 8.10 Physical and Cognitive Changes during Adulthood and Aging
AP: Physical and Cognitive Changes in Aging
• Generativity versus stagnation : providing
guidance to one’s children or the next
generation, or contributing to the wellbeing of the next generation through
career or volunteering
Psychology, Fourth Edition, AP Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White
© 2015, 2012, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Erikson’s Last Three Stages
LO 8.10 Physical and Cognitive Changes during Adulthood and Aging
AP: Physical and Cognitive Changes in Aging
How Parenting Styles Influence Development
• Parenting styles
– Authoritarian
– Permissive
 Permissive neglectful
 Permissive indulgent
– Authoritative
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Zh1zIx-qidE
Psychology, Fourth Edition, AP Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White
© 2015, 2012, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Erikson’s Last Three Stages
LO 8.10 Physical and Cognitive Changes during Adulthood and Aging
AP: Physical and Cognitive Changes in Aging
• Ego integrity versus despair : sense of
wholeness that comes from having lived a
full life and the ability to let go of regrets;
the final completion of the ego
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qex3a8p
UkS8
Psychology, Fourth Edition, AP Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White
© 2015, 2012, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
LO 8.9 Physical and Cognitive Changes during Adulthood and Aging
Psychology, Fourth Edition, AP Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White
© 2015, 2012, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Theories of Aging
LO 8.11 Theories of Why Aging Occurs and Stages of Death and Dying
AP: Physical and Cognitive Changes in Aging
• Cellular clock theory: based on the idea
that cells only have so many times that
they can reproduce
– once that limit is reached, damaged cells
begin to accumulate
• Wear-and-tear theory: as time goes by,
repeated use and abuse of the body’s
tissues cause it to be unable to repair all
the damage
Psychology, Fourth Edition, AP Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White
© 2015, 2012, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Theories of Aging
LO 8.11 Theories of Why Aging Occurs and Stages of Death and Dying
AP: Physical and Cognitive Changes in Aging
• Free radical theory: oxygen molecules with
an unstable electron move around the cell,
damaging cell structures as they go
• Activity theory: theory of adjustment to
aging that assumes older people are
happier if they remain active in some way,
such as volunteering or developing a
hobby
Psychology, Fourth Edition, AP Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White
© 2015, 2012, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Stages of Death and Dying
LO 8.11 Theories of Why Aging Occurs and Stages of Death and Dying
•
•
•
•
•
Denial
Anger
Bargaining
Depression
Acceptance
Psychology, Fourth Edition, AP Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White
© 2015, 2012, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
AP: Physical and Cognitive Changes in Aging
Cross-Cultural Views on Death
LO 8.12 Some Cross-Cultural Differences in Views of Death and Dying
• Cultures are diverse in their views on
death and dying
– Hindus
– Northern Cheyenne
– Navajo
Psychology, Fourth Edition, AP Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White
© 2015, 2012, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.