Transcript Sections 3 and 4 ANSWERS

Question 24
• Plants and some photosynthetic bacteria can use
photosynthesis to create energy (sugar).
25.
ATP
Nitrogen Bases
Tri-Phosphate
sugar
25. ADP
Di-phosphate
25. Differences
• ATP
– Tri-phosphate
– Primary energy used to power living
things
– High amount of chemical energy
– Universal Power Source
• ADP
– Di-phosphate
– Less commonly used then ATP
– Still contains a lot of energy, but
less so due to fewer bonds
26. What is chlorophyll?
• Chlorophyll is the primary pigment found in plants.
• Chlorophyll is green because it reflects green light.
• Chlorophyll is found in the chloroplasts in plants.
27. Chemical equation for photosynthesis
6CO2 + 6H20  C6H12O6 + 6H2O
28. Chemical equation for cellular respiration
C6H12O6 + 6H2O  6CO2 + 6H20 + ATP
Question 29
Photosynthesis
• Process of converting
Sunlight into chemical
energy (sugar)
• The sugar can be stored
until it is needed. Then
it will be converted into
ATP.
Cellular Respiration
– The process of chemical
energy (sugar) being
converted into ATP
– The ATP will be used to
“fuel” cellular processes
(releases energy)
Question 30
• Chloroplasts
– Used to convert sunlight into
energy
– Found in plants Only
– Double Membrane
– Where photosynthesis takes place
• Mitochondrion
– Convert chemical substances into
energy
– Found in animal and some plant
cells
– Has a double membrane
– Site of cellular respiration
31. Compare and Contrast
Aerobic respiration
• When Oxygen IS present
• Can produce up to 38 ATP
Anaerobic respiration
• When oxygen is NOT present
• Lactic acid or alcoholic
fermentation
• Produces a net of 2 ATP
32. Cell Cycle Events
Interphase
• Longest phase of the cell cycle.
• DNA is in chromatin form
• G1- Growth (organelles duplicate)
• S- replication (duplication) or DNA
• G2- Cell Growth
Cell Division
• Prophase- chromosomes
• Metaphase- Chromosomes align along
the metaphase plate (middle)
• Anaphase- sister chromatids separate
• Telophase- Cleavage furrow begins and
nuclear envelopes reform.
• Cytokinesis- division of the cytoplasm
(two new cells)
33.
If a skin cell had 52 chromosomes, how many chromosomes
would be found in an egg cell?
26
34.) Compare and contrast mitosis and meiosis
Mitosis
Only once
through
division
At anaphase, cycle
sister
chromatids
separate
At
cytokinesis,
two identical
cells separate
ds
Chromosome #
is identical as the
original cell
TWO IDENTICAL DIPLOID CELLS
Makes BODY (somatic) cells
Meiosis
Goes through division
cycle twice
Go through
At anaphase 1,
interphase (cell
Homologous
growth)
chromosomes
majority of time
separate
Go through PMAT
(second division of
ds At cytokinesis
1, two haploid
meiosis is similar to
daughter cells
mitosis)
are formed
Chromsosome # is
half of the original
cell and a UNIQUE
combination
FOUR UNIQUE HAPLOID CELLS
Makes GAMETES (egg and sperm)
35. Non-disjunction
• Nondisjunction is the failure for duplicated
chromosomes to separate
– Generally during Meiosis II
• Down syndrome is also known as TRISOMY 21.
– Three copies of the 21st chromosome
36. Describe the shape and composition of a DNA molecule
• Shape: Double Helix
• Composition:
– Phosphate group
– Deoxyribose sugar
– 1 of 4 nitrogen bases
http://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/handbook/basics/dna
37. What is the function of DNA?
• The function of DNA is to store heredity information that will
be passed down to generations. It also contains the code for
generating mRNA; this will eventually lead to tRNA, rRNA, and
eventually proteins.
38) Base Pairing
• A-T (adenine to thymine)
• C-G (cytosine to guanine)
• Bonded by hydrogen bonds
– 2 bonds between A and T
– 3 bonds between C and G
39) DNA vs. RNA
DNA
•
•
•
•
A,T,C,G
Deoxyribose sugar
Double helix
More complex
RNA
•
•
•
•
A,U,C,G
Ribose sugar
Single Strand
Less complex
40) Codons
• Set of three nucleotides on the mRNA strand
• Instructions for amino acids which then leads to protein
production
• Codes for amino acids
• 3 letters make up a codon
41) mRNA sequence
• mRNA: UUC GUU GGA ACC
• DNA: AAG CAA CCT TGG
• Amino acid: Phe-Val-Gly-Thr
42 a. Point Mutations
• Substitution
– Point where one nitrogen base is substituted for
another
– Sickle Cell Anemia: substitute A for T
42 b. Frame Shift Mutations
• Deletions and Insertions
– When a nitrogen base is deleted or added
– Frame shift mutations- because it moves the
codon up or down
– Changes the sequence of amino acids after the
mutation
43) Transcription vs. Translation
Transcription
• DNA to RNA
• Occurs in nucleus
Translation
• RNA to protein
• Occurs in cytoplasm
44.) Define the following terms:
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
Genotype: The genetic makeup of an organism
Phenotype: The physical traits of an organism
Homozygous: Having two identical alleles for a given gene
Heterozygous: Having two different alleles for a given gene
Dominant: In a heterozygote, the allele that determines the
phenotype with respect to a particular gene (the larger letter)
f) Recessive: In a heterozygous individual, the allele that has no
noticeable effect on the phenotype (the smaller letter)
45. How are the following words related? DNA,
gene, RNA, protein, trait
• Gene (stretch of DNA) that is transcribed into RNA, that is
translated into PROTEIN, that is expressed as a TRAIT
46. Punnett Square
• tool used to determine the probability of traits being passed
on to offspring based on parents genotypes
• Parents genotypes represent egg and sperm
• Offspring's genotypes represent body cells
47.
a)Monohybrid Heterozygote Parents (Tt x Tt)
b) Blonde hair is dominant to brown. Two parents are mated one
with blonde hair and one with brown, and some of their children
end up with blonde and some with brown.
a)
b)
Parent 1- Bb
Parent 2- bb
48.
• Children born with a recessive genetic disorder can have
parents that do not express the disorder, because the parents
are heterozygous.
• The parents have the gene for the disorder, but it is masked by
the dominant gene.
• This is how some traits can “skip” a generation.
49. Gene Pool
• Gene pool is the available genes in a breeding population.
50.
• Species can achieve genetic variation over many generations
by breeding outside of the immediate family.
– No inbreeding
• This allows new genes to be introduced
51.
• A species can loose genetic diversity overtime by not “adding”
to the gene pool.
– Inbreeding
– No gene shuffling