Transcript Biotechnology

Biotechnology
What Is Biotechnology?
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GMO- genetically modified organisms.
GEO- genetically enhanced organisms.
With both, the natural genetic material of
the organism has been altered.
Roots in bread making, wine brewing,
cheese and yogurt fermentation, and
classical plant and animal breeding
What Is Biotechnology?
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Manipulation of genes is called genetic
engineering or recombinant DNA technology
Genetic engineering involves taking one or
more genes from a location in one organism
and either
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Transferring them to another organism
Putting them back into the original organism in
different combinations
What is the career outlook in
biotechnology?
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Biotech in 1998
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1,300 companies in the US
2/3 have less than 135 employees
140,000 jobs
Jobs will continue to increase exponentially
Jobs are available to high school graduates
through PhD’s
What Subjects Are Involved With
Biotechnology?
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Multidisciplinary- involving a number of
disciplines that are coordinated for a
desired outcome
Science
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Life sciences
Physical sciences
Social sciences
What Subjects Are Involved With
Biotechnology?
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Mathematics
Applied sciences
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Computer applications
Engineering
Agriculture
What Are the Stages of
Biotechnology Development
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Ancient biotechnology- early history as
related to food and shelter; Includes
domestication
Classical biotechnology- built on ancient
biotechnology; Fermentation promoted
food production, and medicine
Modern biotechnology- manipulates
genetic information in organism; Genetic
engineering
What Are the Areas of
Biotechnology?
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Organismic biotechnology- uses intact
organisms; Does not alter genetic material
Molecular biotechnology- alters genetic
makeup to achieve specific goals
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Transgenic organism- an organism with
artificially altered genetic material
What Are the Benefits of
Biotechnology?
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Medicine
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Human
Veterinary
Biopharming
Environment
Agriculture
Food products
Industry and manufacturing
What Did These Individuals
Contribute to Biotechnology?
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Anton van
Leeuwenhoek
Discovered cells
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Bacteria
Protists
Red blood
What Did These Individuals
Contribute to Biotechnology?
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Gregor Johan Mendel
Discovered genetics
What Did These Individuals
Contribute to Biotechnology?
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Walter Sutton
Discovered
Chromosomes
What Did These Individuals
Contribute to Biotechnology?
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Thomas Hunt Morgan
Discovered how
genes are transmitted
through chromosomes
What Did These Individuals
Contribute to Biotechnology?
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Ernst Ruska
Invented the electron
microscope
What Did These Individuals
Contribute to Biotechnology?
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Sir Alexander
Fleming
Discovered penicillin
What Did These Individuals
Contribute to Biotechnology?
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Rosalind Elsie
Franklin
Research led to the
discovery of the
double helix structure
of DNA
What Did These Individuals
Contribute to Biotechnology?
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James Watson and
Francis Crick
Discovered DNA
What Did These Individuals
Contribute to Biotechnology?
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Mary-Claire King
Mapped human genes
for research of cancer
treatments
What Did These Individuals
Contribute to Biotechnology?
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Ian Wilmut
Created the first true
clone, the Dorset ewe
Dolly
What Is Molecular Biology?
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Molecular biology- study of molecules in
cells
Metabolism- processes by which organisms
use nutrients
Anabolism- building tissues from smaller
materials
Catabolism- breaking down materials into
smaller components
What Is a Cell?
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Cell- a discrete unit
of life
Unicellular organismorganism of one cell
Multicellular
organism- organism
of many cells
Prokaryote- cells that
lack specific nucleus
Eukaryote- cells with
well-defined nucleus
What Is a Cell?
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Cells are building blocks:
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Tissue- collection of cells with specific
functions
Organs- collections of tissues with specific
functions
Organ systems- collections of organs with
specific functions
What Are the Structures in
Molecular Genetics?
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Molecular genetics- study of genes and
how they are expressed
Chromosome- part of cell nucleus that
contains heredity information and promotes
protein synthesis
Gene- basic unit of heredity on a
chromosome
DNA- molecule in a chromosome that
codes genetic information
Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)
What Is Ribonucleic Acid
(RNA)?
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Transcription- process of RNA production
by DNA
DNA-thread-like molecule which decodes
DNA information
What Is Ribonucleic Acid
(RNA)?
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Kinds of RNA:
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mRNA- RNA molecules that carry information
that specifies amino acid sequence of a protein
molecule during translation
rRNA- RNA molecules that form the ribosomal
subunits; Mediate the translation of mRNA into
proteins
tRNA- molecules that decode sequence
information in and mRNA
snRNA- very short RNA that interconnects with
to promote formation of mRNA
What Are Genetic Engineering
Organisms?
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Genetic engineering- artificially changing
the genetic information in the cells of
organisms
Transgenic- an organism that has been
genetically modified
GMO- a genetically modified organism
GEO- a genetically enhanced organism
How Can Genetically Engineered
Plants Be Used?
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Agriculture
Horticulture
Forestry
Environment
Food Quality
How Do We Create Transgenic
Organisms?
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Donor cell- cell that provides DNA
Recipient cell- cell that receives DNA
Protocol- procedure for a scientific process
Three methods used in gene transfer
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Agrobacterium gene transfer- plasmid
Ballistic gene transfer- gene gun
Direct gene transfer- enzymes
How Does Agrobacterium Gene
Transfer Work?
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Extract DNA from donor
Cut DNA into fragments
Sort DNA fragments
Recombine DNA
fragments
Transfer plasmids with
bonded DNA
Grow transformed
(recipient) cells
What Are Methods of Classical
Biotechnology?
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Plant breeding- improvement of plants by
breeding selected individuals to achieve
desired goals
Cultivar- a cultivated crop variety
What Are Methods of Classical
Biotechnology?
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Plant breeding methods;
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Line breeding- breeding successive
generations of plants among themselves
Crossbreeding- breeding plants of different
varieties or species
Hybridization- breeding individuals from
two distinctly different varieties
Selection
Why Are Plants Genetically
Engineered?
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Resist pests
Resist herbicides
Improved product quality
Pharmaceuticals
Industrial products
What Is AI?
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Artificial insemination- the
transfer of collected semen to a
recipient female
Semen is collected from males of
desired quality
Semen is graded and stored
What Is AI?
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Female must be in estrus for
conception
Hormone injections may be used
to synchronize estrus
Semen is placed in the cervix near
the horns of the uterus
What Is a Test Tube Baby?
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In vitro fertilization- fertilization of
collected ova outside the reproductive
tract; Usually in a test tube
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Semen is collected from males of
desired quality
Ova are removed from females
Sperm and ova are placed in a petri dish
or test tube
What Is Gender Reversal?
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Gender reversal- changing the sex
of an animal
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Very young animals receive
hormone treatments
Most common among selected fish
species
What Is Gender Preselection?
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Gender preselection- choosing the sex
of offspring
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Sperm sorted before conception
Sperm sorted on basis of chromosome
differences
X chromosomes produce female
offspring
Y chromosomes produce male offspring
What Is Embryo Transfer?
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Embryo transfer- removing
fertilized ova (embryos) from
donor and implanting in a
recipient
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Surgical and nonsurgical methods
are used to remove and implant
A quality donor female can
produce more offspring
What Is Multiple Ovulation?
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Multiple ovulation- promoting
increased release of ova during estrus
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Hormone injections administered prior
to estrus
Used with embryo transfer
AI may be used to fertilize ova
After fertilization, embryos are
removed and placed in recipients
What Is Cloning?
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Clone- new organism that has been
produced asexually from a single
parent
Genotype is identical to parent
Cells or tissues are cultured
How Are Hormones Used in
Animal Production?
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Hormone- natural product of glands to produce a
response in another part of the body
 Released by endocrine glands into blood
system
 Hormones are identified, functions
determined, and isolated
 Used to increase growth and production rates
 bST- promotes milk production in cows
 pST- promotes lean meat production in swine
What Is Bioremediation?
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Bioremediation- using biological
processes to solve environmental
problems
Biodegradation- natural processes
of microbes in breaking down
hydrocarbon materials
Biodegradable- capable of being
decomposed by microbes
How Can Bioremediation Be
Used?
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Oil spills
Wastewater treatment
Heavy metal removal
Chemical degradation
What Is Phytoremediation?
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Phytoremediation- process of
plants being used to solve
pollution problems
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Plants absorb and break down
pollutants
Used with heavy metals, pesticides,
explosives, and leachate
What Is Composting?
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Composting- a process that promotes
biological decomposition of organic
matter
Compost bin- a facility that contains
materials for composting
In-vessel composting- using enclosed
containers for composting
What Are Bioethics?
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Ethics- knowing right from wrong,
and then doing the right idea
Bio- living organisms
Bioethics- knowing right from wrong
with living organisms, and then doing
the right idea
http://www.oelwein.k12.ia.us/hs/Ag.H
ome/biotechethics.htm
Creating Bioethics Arguments
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Read this article from the school
website
http://www.oelwein.k12.ia.us/hs/Ag.H
ome/dwnld/Ethics.in.Biotech.pdf
After you read this article prepare
ethical arguments with at least 5
Scientific and Factual claims to
support your Premise and Conclusion
Ethical Arguments
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Create an ethical argument for or
against the following topics
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Human Cloning
Gender Reversal on Livestock
Gender Reversal on Humans
Genetic Engineering of Plants
Genetic Engineering of Humans
Creating a Premise
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“Human cloning is immoral.”
Now you must find Scientific and
Factual Claims to support your
Premise
After you have at least 5 Claims, you
may conclude, “Therefore, human
cloning is immoral.”
You do not have to be for or against
any of the topics, it’s your choice!