Transcript Fungal biotechnology

GLOBAL CONSULTATION
ON
GENETICS AND
NEW BIOTECHNOLOGIES
“PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY”
TABITHA GNANAPRIYA
Biotechnology in crop plants
Biotic stress
-insect pest resistant
Bt cotton against boll worm
-Disease resistant
Grape vine against pierce’s disease
-Antiviral
papaya against papaya ringspot virus
-Herbicide tolerance
Roundup ready soyabean
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Abiotic stress
-Salt tolerance
Arabidopsis AtNHX1- Brassica
napus
-Drought tolerance
DREB genes
-Acid tolerance
Wheat Almt1- barley
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Improved quality
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Shelf life
• Flavr-savr tomato
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Vitamin
• Golden rice
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polyunsaturated fatty acids
• Canola- laurate and myristate
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Essential minerals
• Soyabean ferritin- rice
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Plant based vaccines
• Banana against hepatits B
Fungal biotechnology
Host for expressing heterologous proteins
1-Saccharomyces cerevisiae
GRAS
Human interferon
Human epidermal growth factor
Surface antigen of hepatitis B virus
2-Pichia pastoris
Tight and strong promoter AOX1 (30%)
Hirudin (Hirudo medicinalis)
3-Hansenula polymorpha
Tightly regulated and strong promoter
MOX (37%)
Expression depends on glucose concentration
Production of commercial enzymes
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Lipase- lipolase novo nordisk- humicola lanuginose
in aspergillus oryzae
Secondary metabolites
• Immunosuppressive agent- cyclosporin A- tolypocladium
nivenum
• Hypocholesterolemic agents- lovastatin- monascus ruber
• Antitumor agents- taxol- taxomyces andreanae
• Mycotoxin- ergot- claviceps spp
Future prospects
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Alternate host Aspergillus sojae
Improve expression and secretion of
non-fungal proteins
Molecular techniques to carry out
metabolic engineering
Overall analysis of gene expression
Biopharmaceuticals
species
use
Production technique
Aesculus glabra
Rheumatic pain and
antimalarial
Embryos- callus
Dioscorea alata
Nutrition
Callus
Drosera rotundiafolia
Asthama, cough and
lung infection
plantlets
Lathyrus sativus
neurotoxic
plant
Lavendula intermidia
Cosmetic, flavoring
and pharmaceutical
callus
Levels of genetic manipulation
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Cloning of genes
Plant regeneration
High-throughput screening system
Genomic tools and resources
Regulatory mechanism
IPR
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Novel
Distinct
Uniform and stable
Utility
UPOV 1961, 1978, 1991
TRIPS 1994
ITPGRFA 2004
UPOV- 1961, 1978, 1991
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Novel, distinct, uniform and stable
but no innovative step
1978- profit for breeders
1991- permission required
TRIPS-1994
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Mandatory for WTO members
Some form of IP protection
Patent
 Sui generis system
African union
save, use, multiply but not to sell
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ITPGRFA- 2004
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Multilateral system
• Access and benefit sharing
• Sharing of technology
• Updated Farmers rights
Encourage for protection of TK
Sharing benefits
Decision making
Future
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Donating technology
Public-private partnership
Cross licensing
acquisition