Transcript Tolerance and Public Administration in integrated Europe

Tolerance and
Public Administration
in Integrated Europe
Assoc.Prof. Selçuk Çolakoğlu
Adnan Menderes University
5 June 2010, Bialystok
What Is Diversity?
Being diverse, difference, unlikeliest, variety
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Racial/Ethnic
Religious
Cultural
Age
Gender
Disability
What is tolerance?
To understand and embrace people from
different backgrounds and those who have
different beliefs; not judging others based
on superficial qualities.
In practice, "tolerance" indicates support for
practices that prohibit ethnic and religious
discrimination.
 Intolerance refers to the discriminatory
practices.
Aspects of Culture or Ethnicity
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History
Social Status
Social Group
Interaction Patterns
Value Orientations
Language and
Communication:
Verbal and Nonverbal
Family Life Processes
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Healing Beliefs and
Practices
Religion
Art and Expressive
Forms
Diet/Foods
Recreation
Clothing
Cultural Dimensions
NATIONAL
REGIONAL
PROFESSIONAL / EDUCATIONAL
GENDER
CLASS
RELIGIOUS
GENERATIONAL
ETHNIC
CORPORATE
PERSONAL
Am I Diverse?
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Who am I?
What about my family?
Who are my friends?
Who do I associate with?
Do I think Diverse?
What am I comfortable with?
 Am I willing to go outside the box?
 Can I change myself?
 Can I go beyond tolerance?
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What is ethnicity?
From ethnic category to concepts of ethnic community.
“Ethnie“ is
a named human population with myths of common
ancestry, shared historical memories,
one or more elements of common culture, a link with a
homeland,
a sense of solidarity among at least some members.
- covers both majority and minority population.
vs
multiple identities,
situational (transcending) ethnicities, hybridity
What is race?
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Race remains a legitimate concept for
sociological analysis because social actors
treat is as real and organise their lives and
practices by reference to it. (van den Berghe)
Race is only an ideological construct that is
used by social scientists for legitimising the
status quo. (Robert Miles)
Clearly there are no such things as races. Yet
it is equally clear that large numbers of people
behave as if there are. (D. Mason)
Race vs Ethnicity
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Race is often treated as ideology
 ethnicity as a real phenomenon.
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Racial refers mainly to physical terms,
 ethnic rather to cultural terms.
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Race refers to them,
 ethnicity to us.
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Both concepts always imply social relationship.
What is minority?
group of people distinguished by physical or
cultural characteristics
subject do different and unequal treatment
by the society in which they live
and who regard themselves as victims of
collective discrimination
1945 Louis Wirth
Minority
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must be a 'non dominant' group;
its members must 'possess ethnic, religious or
linguistic characteristics differing from those of the
rest of the population‚
must also 'show, if only implicitly, a sense of
solidarity, directed towards preserving their culture,
traditions, religion or language'
Also non dominant groups that may be a numerical
majority in a state,
those who are not necessarily nationals or citizens
of the state where they reside.
Different minority groupsDifferent claims and expectations
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National minorities
Indigenous people
Immigrants
Refugees
Guestworkers
Descendants of slaves
Roma
Religious groups
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Autonomy
Fair terms of
integration
Inclusion
Affirmative action
Cultural rights
Integration Models
Three models of minority integration:
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Assimilation (majority- comformity)
Amalgamation (melting pot)
Accommodation (pluralism)
(multiculturalism)
Multiculturalism = diversity + cooperation
Parillo, 1997
Discrimination:
Personal – Cultural - Structural
Neil Thompson
P
C
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Racisms
Racism involves
(a)stereotypes about difference and inferiority
(b)use of power to exclude, discriminate, subjugate
The Parekh Report, 2000
Attitudes
Behaviour
Structures
Prejudice
Discrimination
Inequality
Assimilation and Racism
(Bauböck)
assimilation is possible
yes
no
yes
compulsory
assimilation
racist
double-bind
no
pluralism
segregation
assimilation
is required
Assimilationist model
DIFFERENCE
DEFICIT
ASSIMILATION
ASSIMILATION
COMPENSATORY PROGRAMMES
Does the individual fit
into the System or ‘Institution’?
Multiculturalism Model
Cultural Effects
CULTURES
LIFESTYLES
ATTITUDES
PLURALIST
PLURALIST
TOLERANCE AND HARMONY
Does the organisation of this ‘institution’
recognise Diversity ?
Equity/Rights Model
Social and Political Effects
EQUITY
PARTICIPATION
ANTIDISCRIMINATORY
ANTIDISCRIMINATORY
LIFE CHANCES
Are people enabled in this ‘institution’?
Do the structures allow for
achievement, growth and opportunities?
EU’s Legal Base of anti-discrimination
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Amsterdam Treaty (Article 13)
Two Directives (2000/43/EC, 2000/78/EC)
European Framework Convention for protection of
national minorities (FCNM)
CERD, CRC, CEDAW, ICCPR, ICESCR, etc.
i.e. framework for public policies
promoting positive interethnic relations, elimination
of discrimination and racism.
Green paper on Equality and nondiscrimination in an enlarged EU in 2000
The EU adopted two Directives (Directive
2000/43/EC and 2000/78/EC) prohibiting
direct and indirect discrimination on grounds
of racial or ethnic origin, religion or belief,
disability, age and sexual orientation.
These texts contain precise definitions of direct
and indirect discrimination and of harassment.
EU’s Race Directive
The EU rejects theories
which attempt to
determine the
existence of separate
human races.
Race is a social
construct, i.e. a
category without any
biological
underpinning.
The European Council of Religious Leaders –
Istanbul Declaration on Tolerance on 26-28 April 2010
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Traditional European cultures are faced with
new challenges.
In the first decade of the 21st century
religion came to be recognised as an
important force in European societies.
There are tragic examples of strained
relationships between people of different
faiths, but more often religious people live
peacefully together, and initiatives for
interreligious dialogue and cooperation are
multiplying.
Religious Harmony
Tolerance requires mutuality and is a precondition
for a culture of peace
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- Tolerance is an active recognition of diversity and
means respecting the otherness in terms of
religion and culture.
- Tolerance means respecting the other’s human
rights, but not necessarily sharing his or her
viewpoints.
- Tolerance implies that all may speak openly and
freely, also when their views are controversial.
- Tolerance meets its most difficult challenge when
faced with the intolerant.
A cohesive and peaceful society must protect itself
and its institutions against intolerance.
Commitments to interreligious tolerance in Europe
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In our teaching, preaching and in exercising our
leadership roles we will emphasise mutual respect and
acceptance.
We can try to prevent any form of hate speech,
whether it is in the form of anti-semitism,
Islamophobia, attacks on Christians or any other
religion.
We will work for the rights of all religions to be visible
in the public square, including religious symbols,
wearing religious dress, establishing schools for the
education, and building places of worship.
We will support further efforts to establish a Universal
Code on Holy Sites like places of worship, shrines and
cemeteries.
Group Study
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Discuss: What are the problems of different
groups?
What is your solution to get a more
multicultural and peaceful society?
1. National minorities
2. Religious minorities
3. Migrant workers
4. Racial (black/white/Asian) discrimination
5. Country-level regional discrimination