goals of the human genome project
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Transcript goals of the human genome project
Human Genome
Project
Janice S. Dorman, PhD
University of Pittsburgh
School of Nursing
Nature 422:835-846, 2003
“A vision for the future of genomics
research: A blueprint for the
genomic era”
– Francis S. Collins, Eric D. Green, Alan
E. Guttmacher, Mark S Guyer on
behalf of the US National Human
Genome Research Institute
Future of Genomics
Resources - Comprehensive
and Publicly Available
Genome maps and sequences
Tools for mining these data
Population studies
Libraries of small molecules and robotic
methods to screen them to facilitate
drug discovery
– Human and model organisms
– Genetic variation and disease
– Healthy cohorts
Technology Development
Cheaper sequencing and genotyping
technologies
In vivo monitoring of gene expression
– Proteomics
Modulation of gene expression
Correlate genetic variation to human
health and disease
Computational Biology
New approaches to problem solving
– Identification of different features in DNA
sequence
– Elucidation of protein structure and proteinprotein interactions
– Determination of genotype to phenotype
Better computer software / database
technologies
Methods to study environmental effects on
genes
Database technology to integrate and
visualize pathways, protein structure, etc.
Training
Computational skills
Interdisciplinary skills
– Critical because biomedical research is
becoming increasingly data intensive
– Expanded interactions between
researchers in
• The sciences (biology, computer science,
physics, mathematics, statistics,
chemistry, engineering)
• The basic and the clinical sciences (health
professionals)
Different perspectives
– Minority or disadvantaged populations
must be represented as researchers
and participants in genomics research
ELSI
Focused research to develop policies and
practices
Translational research to provide
knowledge for clinicians, policy makers
and the public
Development of
Methods to evaluate genomic tests /
technologies and ensure effective
oversight
– Searchable databases of genomic legislation
– ELSI aspects of clinical genetic tests
Education
Health professionals
– Need to be knowledgeable about
genomics to apply the outcomes of
genomics research effectively
Public
– Need to be knowledgeable to make
informed decisions participation in
genomics research / genomics health
care
Media are crucial sources of
information about genomics and
societal implications
Education should start in public
schools
Future of Genomics
Genomics to Biology
Imagine a world where we know (and
have immediate access to information
about)
– The function of every genome sequence
• Humans
• Other organisms
– What determines gene expression
patterns in all cell types and how to
control this
• Gene-gene and gene-environment
interactions
– Extent of human genome variation
• Disease
• Human vs. non-humans
– Basis for evolution
Future of Genomics
Genomics to Health
Imagine a world where we know (and have
immediate access to information about)
– An individual’s
• Susceptibility to disease (and ability to identify
it early and accurately through molecular
diagnosis)
• Drug response based on genetic profile
• Personalized ‘prescription’ for disease prevention
– Diagnosis and detection of pre-clinical
disease at the molecular level
– Application of knowledge to make informed
decisions about genetic testing
– Use of genomic information to reduce
health care costs and increase longevity
– Relationship between genomics and health
disparities
Future of Genomics
Genomics to Society
4 Grand Challenges
– Develop policy options for the uses of
genomics in medical and non-medical
settings
– Understand the relationships between
genomics, race and ethnicity, and the
consequences of uncovering these
relationships
– Understand the consequences of
uncovering the genomic contribution to
human traits and behavior
– Assess how to define the ethical
boundaries for uses of genomics
Genomics to Society
Grand Challenge 1: Develop policy
options for the uses of genomics in
medical and non-medical settings
– Potential for discrimination based on
personal genetic information
• Health insurance and employment
• Some US states have passed antidiscrimination legislation
• Proposal for effective federal legislation
Genomics to Society
Grand Challenge 1: Develop policy
options for the use of genomics in
medical and non-medical settings
– FDA has been requested to provide
oversight to review new predictive
genetic tests prior to marketing
– Concerns about proper conduct of
genetic research involving human
subjects
Genomics to Society
Grand Challenge 2: Understand the
relationship between genomics, race,
ethnicity, and the consequences of
uncovering these relationships
– Race is largely a non-biological concept
• Confounded by misunderstanding and a long history of
prejudice
– More variation within vs. between groups
• Some alleles are more frequent in certain populations
– Need research on how individuals and cultures
conceive of race, ethnicity, group identity and
self-identity
– How does the scientific community understand
and use these concepts to design research and
present results?
Genomics to Society
Grand Challenge 3: Understand the
consequences of uncovering the genomic
contributions to human traits and
behaviors
– Stigmatization because alleles are associated
with some ‘negative’ physiological or
behavioral traits
• These may vary by population
– Need scientifically valid information about
genetic and environmental factors and human
traits / behaviors
– Need research on the implications (for
individuals and society) of uncovering any
genomic contributions there may be to these
traits and behaviors
Genomics to Society
Grand Challenge 4: Assess how to
define the ethical boundaries for
uses of genomics
– Society needs to define the
appropriate / inappropriate uses of
genomics
• Reproductive genetic testing, genetic
enhancement, germline gene transfer, etc.
• How do different individuals, cultures,
religious traditions view the ethical
boundaries for the uses of genomics?
Genomics and Global Health
Need to introduce preventive
genetics methods in developing
countries
– Will help bridge the gap in health care
between developing / developed
countries
– Will inform the global community about
progress in genomic medicine in these
areas
Advisory Committee on Health
Research. Genomics and World
Health. WHO, Geneva, 2002.
WHO Report, 2002
Were there already genomic
advances that could now be applied
in developing countries ?
Should international community wait
for further progress in genomics
research in developed countries?
Conclusions of WHO Report
Widespread support for the
introduction of DNA technology into
developing countries now
– Monogenetic disorders
• Thalassemia, sickle cell anemia
– Communicable diseases
• Human genetic variation relates to
susceptibility to malaria
Will offer appropriate point of entry
for DNA technology into primary
care
– Ideal infrastructure to introduce
genetic testing for further development
Example - Thalassaemia
Amenable to control and better
management through genetic testing
– Research
• Underlying mutations are different in each
ethnic group
– Technology
• Reliable molecular methods for carrier
detection / prenatal diagnosis
– Disease prevention
• Reduction in incidence due to genetic
testing
Thalassaemia
2-18% of population in Mediterranean,
Middle East and Asia are carriers
Treatment
Prevention by carrier detection
(population screening), genetic counseling
and early prenatal diagnosis
– Blood transfusion, which is costly
– Iron overload requires treatment with
chelating agent
– Extends life, escalating health care costs
– Cost of prevention is 1-12% cost of patient
care
WHO Recommendations for
Developing Countries
Appoint individual in Ministry of Health
to coordinate national medical genetics
program
Create multidisciplinary team to
– Review national expertise in genetics
– Review local epidemiology of genetically
determined disorders
– Define ethical framework for genetic services
– Review curricula of health professional
institutions
– Develop plan to introduce appropriate genetic
services
WHO Recommendations for
Developing Countries
Share expertise and develop
concepts and approaches through
networking
Collect data and publish outcomes
of programs