Transcript Tanaman Makanan AGR3502

Tanaman Makanan
Food Crops
AGR3502
Corn = Maize
• Zea mays
• family:Poaceae
Maize Taxonomy, Morphology and
Reproduction
• Maize (Zea mays L.) is a member of the grass
family, Poaceae (Gramineae)
• It is unique among the cereal crops because it
is monoecious (it bears separate male and
female inflorescences on the same plant).
• The main stem terminates in a tassel (male
inflorescence), and the grain is borne on
lateral shoots (ears).
Maize - morphology
• Maize generally has one main stem, but
some varieties can produce tillers.
• The maize stem is round and erect,
with conspicuous nodes and
internodes.
• Unlike many grasses, the stem is solid
rather than hollow. The leaves are
borne in an alternate pattern on
opposite sides of the stem.
Morphology – corn ear
• Most commercial varieties of field corn
produce a single ear.
• Ear shoots grow in the leaf axils below the top
ear, but generally do not develop unless the
top ear is removed, or the plants are widely
spaced in the field. Sweet corn and popcorn
varieties are often prolific (have more than
one ear per plant).
Corn grains
• Maize is a large-seeded plant that can be
rapidly multiplied.
• A single cob of maize can produce about 800
seeds, which would be enough to plant about
100 m2 of corn
Importance, history and
adaptation
• The crop that is grown widely throughout the
world in a range of agroecological
environments.
• The grains are rich in vitamins A,
C and E, carbohydrates, and essential
minerals, and contain 9% protein. They are
also rich in dietary fiber and calories which are
a good source of energy.
…..cont
• In industrialized countries, maize is largely
used as livestock feed and as a raw material
for industrial products.
• In some countries, consumed as a vegetable
although it is a grain crop.
• Biofuel for the future
Brief history of corn
• The likeliest primary center of origin is Central
America and Mexico. Based on diverse types
of corn found there.
Adaptation
• Can be grown from latitude 58oN to 35oS.
From sea level to 4,000 m altitudes.
• Crop cycle from 50-330 days.
• Modern varieties mature between 90-120
days.
Corn producer
Percentage contribution by
countries
Climatic requirement
Ideal temp. 20-27oC
not less than 10oC
not more than 30oC
Water requirement as low as 150 mm to
5100 mm of rainfall annually.
Uses of Corn
Typical uses of maize grain in the USA
• 0.2% Seed
• 1.2% Food
• 2.6% Starch
• 5.0% Alcohol
• 8.0% Sweeteners
• 50.1% Animal feed
• 22.6% Exports
• 10.3% Ending stocks
Corn use in developing countries
• In developing countries, an average of 30% of
maize produced is used for direct human
consumption.
• In sub Saharan Africa, about 70% of the maize
crop is used for human consumption. Green
maize (fresh, on the cob) is an important food
source early in the rainy season.
Any questions
Types of corn
Classification of maize based on
endosperm
The endosperm consists of starch granules embedded in a protein
matrix. Flinty endosperm has a more rigid protein structure and is also
higher in protein content than floury endosperm.
Flint, floury and dent maize varieties
(a = flinty endosperm; b = floury endosperm; c = germ and d =
dent)
Source: IITA, Nigeria
Types of corn
Seven types or groups based on endosperm
characteristics:
 Dent
 Flint
 Flour
 Pop
Sweet
Waxy
pod
Types of corn
 Dent (indentata)
When the grain dries,
a pronounced wrinkle
or dent forms on top
of the kernel.
The shrinkage of the
soft starch.
Dent…….cont
Usage
Animal feed
Cooking oil
Types of corn
 Flint (indurata)
The endosperm is soft and
starchy.
Usage: human and animal feed
Types of corn
 Flour (amylaceae)
The seed composed almost entirely of soft
starch and can be white, blue or variegated.
Usage: human food.
Types of corn
 Pop (Everta)
The endosperm is hard and small size kernel.
Usage: human as snack
Types of corn
 Sweet (saccharata)
The kernels are tanslucent and wrinkled at
maturity.
Usage: human
Sweet Corn
• Sweet - Sweet varieties have one or more
genes which interfere with the conversion of
sugar to starch. Most of the genes controlling
sweetness are recessive, so production fields
must be well isolated from normal (field) corn
Types of corn
 Waxy (ceratina)
The kernels contain high amylopectin.
Resembles tapioca starch
Usage: special food and adhesives
Types of corn
 Pod
Each kernel is enclosed in a pod or husk. The
endosperm characteristics can be any of the
above.
Usage: primitive corn
Corn Production in Malaysia
• Malaysia does not grow enough corn for its
use
• It imports a large amount of corn especially
for livestock feed – poultry and swine
production
• Most of the local corn planted is for human
consumption – mainly sweet corn
Area & Production of Field Crops in
Malaysia
Corn in Malaysia
Malaysian Corn Production
Malaysian Corn Imports
Book on Prospects of Grain Corn
Production in Malaysia
Panduan Menanam Jagung – Jabatan Pertanian Negeri Perak
Tambahan Kawasan Baru Sayur-sayuran Mengikut Jenis,
2011-2020 (Hektar)
JENIS SAYUR TAMBAHAN KAWASAN BAHARU (HA)
Jagung
1,000
Timun
900
Kacang Panjang 800
Terung
800
Bendi
700
Cili
700
Petola
400
Tomato
400
Halia
300
Kacang Buncis 300
Kubis Bulat
300
Sawi
300
Ubi Kayu
300
Ubi Keledek
300
Bayam
200
Labu Manis
200
Peria
200
Cendawan
90
Berbekal minat dan pengalaman yang dimiliki dalam
bidang pertanian, seorang petani muda, Nor Azmi
Idris, 34,