Transcript Gregor Mendel used pea plants to study

Gregor Mendel used pea plants
to study
1. flowering.
2. gamete formation.
3. the inheritance of
traits.
4. cross-pollination.
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Offspring that result from crosses
between parents with different traits
1. are true-breeding.
2. make up the F2
generation.
3. make up the
parental
generation.
4. are called hybrids.
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Gregor Mendel removed the male parts from
the flowers of some plants in order to
1.
prevent hybrids from
forming.
prevent crosspollination.
stimulate selfpollination.
make controlled crosses
between plants.
2.
3.
4.
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The chemical factors that
determine traits are called
1.
2.
3.
4.
1
alleles.
traits.
genes.
characters.
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Gregor Mendel concluded that
traits are
1.
not inherited by
offspring.
inherited through the
passing of factors from
parents to offspring.
determined by dominant
factors only.
determined by recessive
factors only.
2.
3.
4.
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3
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When Gregor Mendel crossed a tall plant
with a short plant, the F1 plants inherited
1.
2.
an allele for tallness from each parent.
an allele for tallness from the tall
parent and an allele for shortness from
the short parent.
an allele for shortness from each
parent.
an allele from only the tall parent.
3.
4.
25%
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25%
25%
2
3
25%
4
The principle of dominance
states that
1.
2.
3.
all alleles are dominant.
all alleles are recessive.
some alleles are
dominant and others are
recessive.
alleles are neither
dominant nor recessive.
4.
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25%
25%
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3
25%
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When Gregor Mendel crossed true-breeding
tall plants with true-breeding short plants, all
the offspring were tall because
1.
the allele for tall plants
is recessive.
the allele for short
plants is dominant.
the allele for tall plants
is dominant.
they were true-breeding
like their parents.
2.
3.
4.
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25%
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25%
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If a pea plant has a recessive allele
for green peas, it will produce
1.
green peas if it also has a dominant
allele for yellow peas.
both green peas and yellow peas if it
also has a dominant allele for yellow
peas.
green peas if it does not also have a
dominant allele for yellow peas.
yellow peas if it does not also have a
dominant allele for green peas.
2.
3.
4.
25%
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25%
2
25%
3
25%
4
A tall plant is crossed with a short plant. If
the tall F1 pea plants are allowed to selfpollinate,
1.
the offspring will be of
medium height.
all of the offspring will
be tall.
all of the offspring will
be short.
some of the offspring
will be tall, and some
will be short.
2.
3.
4.
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25%
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25%
25%
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3
25%
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In the P generation, a tall plant was crossed
with a short plant. Short plants reappeared
in the F2 generation because
1.
some of the F2 plants produced gametes
that carried the allele for shortness.
the allele for shortness is dominant.
the allele for shortness and the allele for
tallness segregated when the F1 plants
produced gametes.
they inherited an allele for shortness from
one parent and an allele for tallness from
the other parent.
2.
3.
4.
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25%
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25%
25%
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3
25%
4
In the P generation, a tall plant was crossed
with a short plant. If alleles did not segregate
during gamete formation,
1.
all of the F1 plants
would be short.
some of the F1 plants
would be tall and some
would be short.
all of the F2 would be
short.
all of the F2 plants
would be tall.
2.
3.
4.
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25%
1
25%
25%
2
3
25%
4
When you flip a coin, what is the
probability that it will come up tails?
1.
2.
3.
4.
1
1/2
1/4
1/8
1
2
3
25%
4
5
1
25%
25%
2
3
25%
4
The principles of probability can
be used to
1.
predict the traits of the offspring
produced by genetic crosses.
determine the actual outcomes of
genetic crosses.
predict the traits of the parents used in
genetic crosses.
decide which organisms are best to
use in genetic crosses.
2.
3.
4.
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25%
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25%
25%
2
3
25%
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In the P generation, a tall plant is crossed
with a short plant. The probability that an F2
plant will be tall is
25% 25%
25%
25%
1. 25%.
2. 50%.
3. 75%
4. 100%.
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Organisms that have two identical alleles for
a particular trait are said to be
1.
2.
3.
4.
1
hybrid.
homozygous.
heterozygous.
dominant.
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25%
25%
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25%
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Figure 11–1
In the Punnett square shown in Figure 11–1,
which of the following is true about the
offspring resulting from the cross?
1.
About half are expected
to be short.
All are expected to be
short.
About half are expected
to be tall.
All are expected to be
tall.
2.
3.
4.
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25%
1
25%
25%
2
3
25%
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A Punnett square shows all of
the following EXCEPT
1.
all possible results of a
genetic cross.
the genotypes of the
offspring.
the alleles in the
gametes of each parent.
the actual results of a
genetic cross.
2.
3.
4.
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3
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5
25%
1
25%
25%
2
3
25%
4
If you made a Punnett square showing Gregor Mendel’s
cross between true-breeding tall plants and true-breeding
short plants, the square would show that the offspring had
1.
the genotype of one of
the parents.
a phenotype that was
different from that of
both parents.
a genotype that was
different from that of
both parents.
the genotype of both
parents.
2.
3.
4.
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25%
1
25%
25%
2
3
25%
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What principle states that during gamete
formation genes for different traits separate
without influencing each other’s inheritance?
1.
2.
principle of dominance
principle of independent
assortment
principle of probabilities
principle of segregation
3.
4.
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25%
25%
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25%
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Figure 11–2
The Punnett square in Figure 11–2 shows
that the gene for pea shape and the gene for
pea color
25% 25%
25%
25%
1. assort
independently.
2. are linked.
3. have the same
alleles.
4. are always
homozygous.
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How many different allele combinations
would be found in the gametes produced by
a pea plant whose genotype was RrYY?
25% 25%
25%
25%
1. 2
2. 4
3. 8
4. 16
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If a pea plant that is heterozygous for round, yellow peas
(RrYy) is crossed with a pea plant that is homozygous for
round peas but heterozygous for yellow peas (RRYy), how
many different phenotypes are their offspring expected to
show?
25%
1.
2.
3.
4.
1
2
25%
25%
25%
2
4
8
16
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5
1
2
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Situations in which one allele for a gene is
not completely dominant over another allele
for that gene are called
25% 25%
25%
25%
1. multiple alleles.
2. incomplete
dominance.
3. polygenic
inheritance.
4. multiple genes.
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2
3
4
A cross of a black chicken (BB) with a white
chicken (WW) produces all speckled offspring
(BBWW). This type of inheritance is known as
1. incomplete
dominance.
2. polygenic
inheritance.
3. codominance.
4. multiple alleles.
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25%
25%
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3
25%
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Variation in human skin color is
an example of
1. incomplete
dominance.
2. codominance.
3. polygenic traits.
4. multiple alleles.
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25%
25%
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Gregor Mendel’s principles of
genetics apply to
1.
2.
3.
4.
1
plants only.
animals only.
pea plants only.
all organisms.
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25%
25%
2
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25%
4
Why did Thomas Hunt Morgan
use fruit flies in his studies?
1.
Fruit flies produce a large number of
offspring.
Fruit flies take a long time to produce
offspring.
Fruit flies share certain characteristics
with pea plants.
Fruit flies have a long lifespan.
2.
3.
4.
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3
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25%
1
25%
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25%
3
25%
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A male and female bison that are both heterozygous for
normal skin pigmentation (Aa) produce an albino offspring
(aa). Which of Mendel’s principles explain(s) why the
offspring is albino?
1. dominance only
2. independent
assortment only
3. dominance and
segregation
4. segregation only
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The number of chromosomes in a
gamete is represented by the symbol
1.
2.
3.
4.
1
Z.
X.
N.
Y.
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3
25%
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5
1
25%
25%
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3
25%
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If an organism’s diploid number
is 12, its haploid number is
1.
2.
3.
4.
1
12.
6.
24.
3.
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3
25%
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5
1
25%
25%
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3
25%
4
Gametes have
1.
homologous
chromosomes.
twice the number of
chromosomes found in
body cells.
two sets of
chromosomes.
one allele for each
gene.
2.
3.
4.
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25%
1
25%
25%
2
3
25%
4
Gametes are produced by the
process of
1.
2.
3.
4.
1
mitosis.
meiosis.
crossing-over.
replication.
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25%
25%
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3
25%
4
What is shown in this figure?
1.
2.
3.
4.
independent assortment
anaphase I of meiosis
crossing-over
replication
25%
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1
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3
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25%
2
25%
3
25%
4
Chromosomes form tetrads
during
1. prophase I of
meiosis.
2. metaphase I of
meiosis.
3. interphase.
4. anaphase II of
meiosis.
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1
25%
25%
2
3
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What happens between meiosis I and
meiosis II that reduces the number of
chromosomes?
1. Crossing-over
occurs.
2. Metaphase occurs.
3. Replication occurs
twice.
4. Replication does not
occur.
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25%
25%
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3
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Unlike mitosis, meiosis results in
the formation of
1.
2.
3.
4.
1
diploid cells.
haploid cells.
2N daughter cells.
body cells.
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25%
25%
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3
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Unlike mitosis, meiosis results in
the formation of
1. two genetically
identical cells.
2. four genetically
different cells.
3. four genetically
identical cells.
4. two genetically
different cells.
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25%
25%
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Crossing-over rarely occurs in mitosis,
unlike meiosis. Which of the following is the
likely reason?
1.
Chromatids are not involved in
mitosis.
Tetrads rarely form during mitosis.
A cell undergoing mitosis does not
have homologous chromosomes.
There is no prophase during mitosis.
2.
3.
4.
25%
1
1
2
3
4
5
25%
25%
2
3
25%
4
Which of the following assort
independently?
1. chromosomes
2. genes on the
same
chromosome
3. multiple alleles
4. codominant
alleles
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2
3
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5
25%
1
25%
25%
2
3
25%
4
Linked genes
1. are never separated.
2. assort
independently.
3. are on the same
chromosome.
4. are always
recessive.
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2
3
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5
25%
1
25%
25%
2
3
25%
4
If the gene for seed color and the gene for
seed shape in pea plants were linked,
all of Mendel’s F1 plants would have
produced wrinkled, green peas.
Mendel’s F2 plants would have exhibited a
different phenotype ratio for seed color and
seed shape.
Mendel’s F1 plants would have exhibited a
different phenotype ratio for seed color and
seed shape.
all of Mendel’s P plants would have
produced wrinkled, green peas.
1.
2.
3.
4.
1
2
3
4
5
25%
1
25%
25%
2
3
25%
4
Gene maps are based on
1. the frequencies of
crossing-over
between genes.
2. independent
assortment.
3. genetic diversity.
4. the number of genes
in a cell.
1
2
3
4
5
25%
1
25%
25%
2
3
25%
4
If two genes are on the same chromosome
and rarely assort independently,
1.
crossing-over never occurs
between the genes.
crossing-over always occurs
between the genes.
the genes are probably
located far apart from each
other.
the genes are probably
located close to each other.
2.
3.
4.
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2
3
4
5
25%
1
25%
25%
2
3
25%
4
The farther apart two genes are
located on a chromosome, the
1.
less likely they are to be inherited
together.
more likely they are to be linked.
less likely they are to assort
independently.
less likely they are to be separated by a
crossover during meiosis.
2.
3.
4.
1
2
3
4
5
25% 25% 25% 25%
1
2
3
4
A trait is a specific characteristic that varies
from one individual to another.
_________________________
1. True
50%
50%
2. False
1
2
3
4
5
1
2
Gregor Mendel concluded that the tall plants in the
P generation passed the factor for tallness to the
F1 generation. _________________________
1. True
2. False
1
2
3
4
50%
5
1
50%
2
An organism with a dominant allele for a particular
form of a trait will sometimes exhibit that trait.
_________________________
1. True
2. False
1
2
3
4
50%
5
1
50%
2
True-breeding plants that produced axial flowers were crossed with
true-breeding plants that produced terminal flowers. The resulting
offspring produced terminal flowers because the allele for terminal
flowers is recessive. _________________________
1. True
2. False
1
2
3
4
50%
5
1
50%
2
When alleles segregate from each other,
they join. _________________________
1. True
2. False
1
2
3
4
50%
5
1
50%
2
If the alleles for a trait did not segregate during gamete
formation, offspring would always show the trait of at least
one of the parents. _________________________
1. True
2. False
1
2
3
4
50%
5
1
50%
2
The principles of probability can explain the
numerical results of Mendel’s experiments.
_________________________
1. True
50%
50%
2. False
1
2
3
4
5
1
2
The probability that a gamete produced by a pea plant
heterozygous for stem height (Tt) will contain the recessive
allele is 100%. _________________________
1. True
2. False
1
2
3
4
50%
5
1
50%
2
If two speckled chickens are mated, according to the
principle of codominance, 25% of the offspring are
expected to be speckled. _________________________
1. True
2. False
1
2
3
4
50%
5
1
50%
2
Coat color in rabbits is determined by a
single gene that has multiple alleles.
_________________________
1. True
50%
50%
2. False
1
2
3
4
5
1
2
If an organism has 16 chromosomes in each of its
egg cells, the organism’s diploid number is 32.
_________________________
1. True
2. False
1
2
3
4
50%
5
1
50%
2
If an organism is heterozygous for a particular gene, the
two different alleles will be separated during anaphase II of
meiosis, assuming that no crossing-over has occurred.
_________________________
1. True
2. False
1
2
3
4
50%
5
1
50%
2
Mitosis results in two cells, whereas meiosis
results in one cell.
_________________________
1. True
50%
50%
2. False
1
2
3
4
5
1
2
If an organism has four linkage groups, it
has eight chromosomes.
_________________________
1. True
50%
50%
2. False
1
2
3
4
5
1
2
Genes in the same linkage group are usually
inherited separately.
_________________________
1. True
50%
50%
2. False
1
2
3
4
5
1
2
The plants that Gregor Mendel crossed to
produce the F1 generation made up the
____________________ generation.
1
2
3
4
5
0 of 5
The different forms of a gene are
called ____________________.
1
2
3
4
5
0 of 5
If the allele for shortness in pea plants were dominant, all
the pea plants in Mendel’s F1 generation would have been
____________________.
1
2
3
4
5
0 of 5
If the alleles for traits in pea plants did not segregate during
gamete formation, offspring that were recessive for a trait
could be produced only by crossing two plants that were
____________________ for that trait.
1
2
3
4
5
0 of 5
____________________ is the likelihood
that a particular event will occur.
1
2
3
4
5
0 of 5
If you flip a coin five times and it comes up heads
each time, the probability that it will come up
heads the next time is ____________________.
1
2
3
4
5
0 of 5
Figure 11–1
In the Punnett square shown in Figure 11–1,
the genotypes of the offspring are
____________________.
1
2
3
4
5
0 of 5
Pea plants that are TT,
____________________, or tt have different
genotypes.
1
2
3
4
5
0 of 5
When two heterozygous tall pea plants are
crossed, the expected genotype ratio of the
offspring is _________________________.
1
2
3
4
5
0 of 5
The principle of independent assortment states that
____________________ for different traits can segregate
independently during the formation of gametes.
1
2
3
4
5
0 of 5
If pea plants that are homozygous for round, yellow seeds (RRYY)
were crossed with pea plants that are heterozygous for round, yellow
seeds (RrYy), the expected phenotype(s) of the offspring would be
_________________________.
1
2
3
4
5
0 of 5
Crossing a pink-flowered four o’clock with a white-flowered
four o’clock will produce pink-flowered offspring and
____________________-flowered offspring.
1
2
3
4
5
0 of 5
An organism’s gametes have
____________________ the number of
chromosomes found in the organism’s body cells.
1
2
3
4
5
0 of 5
Crossing-over occurs during the stage of
meiosis called ____________________.
1
2
3
4
5
0 of 5
The relative locations of each known gene
can be shown on a ____________________
map.
1
2
3
4
5
0 of 5
Define genetics.
1
2
3
4
5
0 of 5
What attributes of the garden pea plant
made it an excellent organism for Gregor
Mendel’s genetic studies?
1
2
3
4
5
0 of 5
What might have caused Gregor Mendel NOT to conclude
that biological inheritance is determined by factors that are
passed from one generation to the next?
1
2
3
4
5
0 of 5
How many recessive alleles for a trait must
an organism inherit in order to exhibit that
trait?
1
2
3
4
5
0 of 5
Figure 11–2
What is the phenotype ratio of the offspring
in the Punnett square shown in Figure 11–2?
1
2
3
4
5
0 of 5
A pea plant heterozygous for height and seed color (TtYy) is crossed
with a pea plant heterozygous for height but homozygous recessive for
seed color (Ttyy). If 80 offspring are produced, how many are expected
to be tall and have yellow seeds?
1
2
3
4
5
0 of 5
What might happen if the gametes of a
species had the same number of
chromosomes as the species’ body cells?
1
2
3
4
5
0 of 5
How many sets of chromosomes
are in a diploid cell?
1
2
3
4
5
0 of 5
Define homologous
chromosomes.
1
2
3
4
5
0 of 5
What happens to the number of
chromosomes per cell during meiosis?
1
2
3
4
5
0 of 5
Contrast the cells produced by mitosis
with those produced by meiosis.
1
2
3
4
5
0 of 5
Why did Gregor Mendel not observe gene
linkage during his experiments with pea
plants?
1
2
3
4
5
0 of 5
What is a linkage group?
1
2
3
4
5
0 of 5
What does a gene map show?
1
2
3
4
5
0 of 5
The gene map of a fruit fly’s chromosome 2 shows the relative
locations of the star eye, dumpy wing, and black body genes to be 1.3,
13.0, and 48.5, respectively. Between which two genes does crossingover occur most frequently?
1
2
3
4
5
0 of 5
A pea plant with yellow seeds was crossed with a plant with
green seeds. The F1 generation produced plants with
yellow seeds. Explain why green seeds reappeared in the
F2 generation.
1
2
3
4
5
0 of 5
You wish to determine whether a tall pea plant is
homozygous or heterozygous for tallness. What cross
should you perform to arrive at your answer? Explain your
choice of cross
1
2
3
4
5
0 of 5
Why are the results of genetic crosses shown in
Punnett squares interpreted as probabilities, not
certainties? Give some specific reasons
1
2
3
4
5
0 of 5
A cross between two organisms heterozygous for two
different genes (AaBb) results in a 9 : 3 : 3 : 1 phenotype
ratio among the offspring. Is the offspring’s genotype ratio
the same? Explain your answer
1
2
3
4
5
0 of 5
Explain the difference between incomplete
dominance and codominance.
1
2
3
4
5
0 of 5
A florist wants to guarantee that the seeds she
sells will produce only pink-flowered four o’clock
plants. How should she obtain the seeds?
1
2
3
4
5
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The stages of meiosis are classified into two
divisions: meiosis I and meiosis II. Compare
and contrast these two divisions.
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Suppose the homologous chromosomes that make
up a tetrad fail to separate during anaphase I of
meiosis. Predict the results of this event.
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Explain why the daughter cells produced by meiosis are
genetically different from each other, whereas the daughter
cells produced by mitosis are not.
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Define linkage, and explain how linkage
is used to make gene maps.
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