6.2 Recombinant DNA Technology
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Transcript 6.2 Recombinant DNA Technology
Chapter 6
Biotechnology
Central Points
Recombinant DNA technology joins DNA
Biotechnology uses recombinant DNA
technology to make products
Bacteria, plants, and animals modified
Safety of transgenic organisms debated
Produce human proteins for disease treatment
Many biotechnology inventions patented
Case A: A Taller Son for Chris
Chris’ 10-year-old son, Mike, is short
Want to treat him with human growth hormone
(hGH) produced by recombinant DNA technology
If given before puberty, could help him grow
Pediatrician does not recommend hGH treatment
6.1 What Is Biotechnology? Video
Coupling of genetic technology to biological
systems
Makes human proteins
Previously, human proteins collected from many
sources: animals, cadavers, and donated blood
Risk from these sources including death
In 1985, hGH Produced
Potentially unlimited amounts of growth
hormone
No possibility of contamination with diseasecausing agents
Used to treat a number of serious growth
disorders
How Is hGH Produced?
Recombinant DNA technology
Transferred gene for hGH from a human cell
DNA to a bacterial cell
Creating a transgenic organism
Transgenic bacterial cell and its descendants
manufacture hGH
6.2 Recombinant DNA Technology:
Steps (1)
DNA extracted from human cells
DNA treated with restriction enzyme, cuts the
DNA at specific sites, produce “sticky end”
Bacterial plasmid cut with same enzyme
Plasmid functions as vector and carries human
DNA into bacterial cells
6.2 Recombinant DNA Technology:
Steps (2)
Fragments of human DNA and plasmid mixed
together and join
Plasmids enter the bacterial cells, copy
themselves, carry recombinant DNA into bacteria
Bacteria express gene, synthesize the human
protein, can be used for treatments, vaccines, or
other purposes
Recombinant DNA Technology
1 Restriction
enzymes cut
specific base
sequences
everywhere
they occur
in human
chromosomes.
4 The result is recombinant DNA
molecules with both human and
plasmid DNA.
2 The same
restriction
enzymes cut
the same base
sequences in
plasmid DNA.
3 The plasmid
DNA and the
human DNA
fragments are
mixed in a
solution with
enzymes that link
them together.
5 Recombinant DNA
inserted into host
cells is copied each
time the host cells
divide.
Stepped Art
p. 104
Restriction Enzymes
Restriction enzymes cut both DNA strands at a
recognition site, search for specific base
sequence
> 1,000 different restriction enzymes
Each cuts at specific and different recognition
sites
Restriction Enzymes
Animation: Action of restriction enzymes
Case A Questions
After doctor’s visit, they decide
hGH not appropriate
Should parents make all
medical decisions for children?
Risks of hGH use and abuse
by athletes
Chromosomes inside
plant cell nucleus
1 The foreign gene is transferred into a
plant cell. It becomes incorporated into
one of the plant’s chromosomes.
Bacterial
chromosome
with foreign
gene inserted
How
Transgenic
Plants Are
Made
2 The plant cell divides to form an
embryo that develops into a mature
transgenic plant as shown below.
Embryo
Stepped Art
Fig. 6-1, p. 106
6.3 Other Transgenic Plants and Animals
Production of medically important proteins
Transgenic crops or genetically modified (GM),
plants with new characteristics
• Resistance to herbicides, insects, or viral or
fungal diseases
• Increase the nutritional value of crops
Pigs for xenotransplants
Transgenic Crops
Transgenic Tobacco Produce hGH
Insulin from Recombinant DNA
Golden Rice
Genes from daffodils and bacteria
Produce beta carotene
Factor VIII
Clotting factor for hemophiliacs
Without the use of blood donors
Pigs for Possible Organ Transplant
HLA transferred to pig embryos
Video: ABC News: Glow-in-the-dark pigs
Video: ABC News: Cloned Food
Approved
6.4 Are Transgenic Organisms Safe?
Important to address by research and testing
• Health and environmental risks
• Economic and social issues
• Educate public
Potential health risks
Environmental risks, transfer of transgenes to
wild plants, and reduction in biodiversity
6.5 Studying Human Diseases
Human Genome Project, plant and animal
genomes
Many shared genes in other species, including
the mouse and Drosophila
Animal models of human disease study drug
treatments and causes of disease
Transgenic organisms used for models
Transgenic Animal Models
Produce an animal with similar symptoms
Used to study the development and progress of
a disease
Used to develop and test drugs to cure or treat
animal model of the human disease
• Currently used for Huntington disease (HD)
Eventually, drugs used to treat humans
Rhino Mouse
Used to study immune deficiency conditions
Curly Tail Mouse
Used to study neural tube defects
Obese Mouse
Used to study weight-loss products
Case B: Strawberries on Trial
Vandals destroyed strawberries treated with
transgenic “ice minus” bacteria
Why did they do this? What were the risks and
benefits?
Are transgenic organisms changing the course of
evolution?
See the textbook for further questions on this case
6.6 Legal and Ethical Issues in
Biotechnology
Patenting organisms and genes
Diamond v. Chakrabarty
• Oil-eating bacteria used four plasmids from
different strains
• Produce one strain of Pseudomonas
Harvard University patent on a transgenic
OncoMouse (U.S. only)
Issues of Patenting Transgenic Organisms
Spotlight on Ethics: Asilomar
Conference, 1975
Potential hazards presented by recombinant DNA
technology
Guidelines
1.
2.
3.
4.
Organisms be contained
Level of containment should match risk
Physical barriers should be used
Prohibited experiments risk too high
Video