Transcript Methods of Transport Across a Cell Membrane

1. Locate your Final Exam
Study Guide and laptop.
Today’s Goal:
• Reinforce your knowledge of cellular
transport, energy and genetics.
• Bring ALL 10 Ch. Tests for
5 Extra Credit points.
OR
• Bring ≤ 10 Unit Guides
OR
• Bring BOTH for 8 points.
Learning Goal:
Demonstrate your knowledge of
cellular transport, energy and
genetics.
Ch. 3 Cell Structure and Function
Cell Membrane = homeostasis
Active vs Passive
Osmosis vs diffusion
Methods of Transport Across a
Cell Membrane
 ???
- Requires Energy
(ATP)
– Uses Transport
Protein
Methods of Transport Across a
Cell Membrane
 ???
– Does not require energy
– Particles move from _____ concentration to
_______concentration.
???????
Methods of Transport Across a
Cell Membrane
 Passive Transport
 Movement of water through a semipermeable membrane from an area of high
water concentration to an area of low water
concentration.
?????
Methods of Transport Across a
Cell Membrane
 Passive Transport
–???
 Movement of particles through a cell membrane by
means of a transport protein.
 Down the concentration gradient
 Does NOT require energy.
Methods of Transport Across a
Cell Membrane
 ???
– “Cell eating”
– A cell takes in macromolecules or other
substances when regions of the plasma
membrane surround the substance, pinch off,
and form a vesicle within the cell.
Methods of Transport Across a
Cell Membrane
 ??????????????????
– A cell secretes macromolecules –waste,
hormones, neurotransmitters, etc.
Ch. 4 Cells and Energy
Chemical energy and ATP
(structure and energy creation)
Distinguish between photosynthesis and
cellular respiration
Lactic acid Fermentation relative to the
amount of ATP produced
Respiration and Photosynthesis
 ???
– C6H12O6 +6O2  6CO2 + 6H2O + 38ATP
–Occurs in ____________
Respiration
Glucose
???
Steps 1-3- A glucose
molecule is energized,
using ATP.
Step
Glucose-6-phosphate
Fructose-6-phosphate
Occurs in Cytoplasm
Energy In: 2 ATP
Step 4
A six-carbon
intermediate splits into
two three-carbon PGAL
molecules
Step 5 A redox
reaction generates
NADH.
Energy Out: 4 ATP
Step 6-9 Two ATP
and 2 molecules
of pyruvic acid
are produced.
Fructose-1,6-diphosphate
Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate
(G3P) PGAL
1,3-Diphosphoglyceric acid
(2 molecules)
3-Phosphoglyceric acid
(2 molecules)
2-Phosphoglyceric acid
(2 molecules)
2-Phosphoglyceric acid
(2 molecules)
NET 2 ATP
Pyruvic acid
(2 molecules
per glucose molecule)
???
For each glucose molecule that enters cellular
respiration, this produces up to 32 ATP molecules
Protein
complex
Intermembrane
Electron
space
carrier
Inner
mitochondrial
membrane
Electron
flow
Mitochondrial
matrix
ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN
ATP
SYNTHASE
Respiration and Photosynthesis
 ???
– Process of using energy from the sun to
produce sugars (glucose)
– 6CO2 + 6H2O + Light Energy  C6H12O6 +6O2
– Occurs in ____?_______of
plants and some algae
– Part 1 and Part 2 ?
Photosynthesis
???
???
 How are photosynthesis and
respiration related?
Respiration and Photosynthesis
 Where and how are
excess sugars stored
in plants?
Excess sugars are
stored as ?????? in
the roots.
This is a polymer of
glucose.
 Where and how are excess sugars stored
in animals?
 Excess sugars are stored as glycogen in the
liver of animals.
 Glycogen is a polymer of glucose.
Ch. 5 Cell Growth and Division
Define the phases of the cell cycle.
What factors regulate the cell cycle?
Binary Fission compared to Mitosis
 Mitosis compared to Meiosis e.g.
haploid and diploid
5.4 Asexual Reproduction
Multicellular organisms depend on interactions among
different cell types.
Cells
Tissues
Organs
Organ systems
1
CELL
leaf
stem
2
TISSUE
ORGAN
3
vascular
tissue
lateral
roots
primary
root
root system
•
•
•
•
shoot system
4
SYSTEMS
5.4 Asexual Reproduction
Some eukaryotes reproduce through mitosis.
• ??? forms a new organism from a small projection growing
on the surface of the parent.
Hydra
bud
Yeast
Cell Division
 Mitosis
–Purpose
–Types of Cells
–What is produced?
Characteristics?
Cell Division
A
B
C
D
E
Steps of Mitosis
– Prophase
Steps of Mitosis
Steps of Mitosis
– Anaphase
Steps of Mitosis
Telophase
Meiosis
 Why is meiosis required for
sexual reproduction?
Comparing Mitosis and Meiosis:
Comparing Mitosis and Meiosis:
Genetics/ DNA
 Heredity and Mendelian Genetics
– Genetics: The study of heredity (the passing of
traits from parents to offspring)
– ???????: The father of genetics.
– DNA: Consists of many ???
– ???: Alternate version of a gene
 ????????
– Make up most of the
body’s tissues and organs
– 2 of each chromosome for
a total of 46
 ????????
– Sperm cell (male) or
egg cell (female)
– Only 1 kind of each
chromosome;
– Half # chromosomes in
body cells (23)
Genetics/ DNA
Dominant and Recessive Traits
 ?????? Allele
– Gene that is fully expressed.
– Masks/ “speaks louder than” a recessive allele.
 ?????? Allele
– Masked/not expressed if dominant allele is
present.
– Only expressed if dominant allele is absent.
Genotype
 The genetic makeup of an organism
– ??? : having two of the same allele BB bb
– ??? : having two different alleles. Bb
_____ ______: having two dominant alleles BB
_____ ______: : having two recessive alleles bb
______ : having one of each allele Bb
?????
 The physical and physiological traits of an
organism
 How the genes are expressed
 What you would see in a photograph
Example:
 In peas, Y is a dominant allele that
instructs for yellow seeds; y is a
recessive allele that produces
green seeds.
DNA/ Genetics
 A __________ can be used to predict the
genotypes and phenotypes of the offspring
produced by a given genetic cross.
 Generations
– ??? (P): The organisms involved in the initial cross
– ????? (F1): The offspring of the Parental Generation
– ???(F2): The offspring of First Filial Generation
Example:
 A chicken and a rooster mate. The chicken has
white feathers and the rooster has brown feathers.
Brown is dominant, and white is recessive.
Assuming the rooster is heterozygous, predict the
frequency of each genotype and phenotype in
their offspring.
What is the cellular process that determines which alleles an offspring will receive
from their parents? Meiosis
Practice:
 1. A plant that is homozygous dominant for height
is crossed with a plant that is homozygous
recessive. (T = tall; t = short).
 Use a Punnett Square to predict the genotypic and
phenotypic ratios of the F1 generation.
Practice:
 2. Using question number 1, what would be
the genotypic and phenotypic ratios of a
cross of two F1 individuals?
DNA/ Genetics
Determining Sex
 Human male: ??
 Human female: ??
 Which parent
determines the
sex of a human
offspring?
????
 What is the probability
of having a boy?
A girl?
???
DNA/ Genetics
 Males have one X
chromosome, so if
 Typically carried on the
one is defective, they
X chromosome
do not have a backup
copy as do females.
 Example: hemophilia,
color blindness.
Sex linked traits
 Disorders occur more
often in males than
females. Why?
DNA/ Genetics
Mutation
 Definition?
 A change in DNA can lead to a change in the
__?____ coded for by that gene.
 A change in the protein structure can lead to
certain disorders, for example, sickle cell
anemia.
Genetic Exceptions to the rules!
???
 Both alleles contribute to
the phenotype
 Example: A red cow
crossed with a white cow
results red cows with
white blotches.
Genetic Exceptions to the rules!
???
 A gene has more than one allele
 The result is various expressions of the gene.
 Example: various hair colors in mice.
Genetic Exceptions to the rules!
???
 Traits controlled by more than one gene
 Ex. Human skin color
 More than 4 different genes control this trait,
which is why we all look so different!
7.2 Complex Patterns of Inheritance
• An ??? gene can interfere with other genes.
7.2 Complex Patterns of Inheritance
Learning Goal:
Demonstrate your knowledge on the
nature of biology, chemistry of life,
cellular division and energy.
Semester Final Exam
Ch 1 Biology in the 21st Century
biodiversity scientific methodindependent variable  dependent
variablecharacteristics of life homeostasis
Ch 2 Chemistry of Life
Describe the properties of water
4 Organic compound that make up life.
 Enzymes and chemical reactions
Ch 3 Cell Structure and Function
3 parts of the cell theory
Identify the structure and function of organelles in both plant and animal cells
How does the cell membrane maintain homeostasis?
 Active vs Passive and osmosis vs diffusion
Ch 4 Cells and Energy
Chemical energy and ATP (structure and process of energy creation)
Distinguish between the chemical reaction of photosynthesis and cellular respiration
Lactic acid Fermentation relative to the amount of ATP produced.
Ch 5 Cell Growth and Division
Define the phases and characteristics of the cell cycle.
What factors regulate the cell cycle?
Binary Fission compared to Mitosis
 Mitosis compared to Meiosis e.g haploid and diploid