Transcript The Urinary System

The Urinary System
Foundation Standard 1: Academic Foundation
Understand human anatomy, physiology, common diseases and disorders,
and medical math principles.
1.13 Analyze basic structures and functions of human body systems
• structures of the urinary system
• gross and microscopic anatomy
• functions of the urinary system
• process of urine formation
• urine composition
• homeostatic balance
1.21 Describe common diseases and disorders of each body system
a. Etiology
b. Pathology
c. Diagnosis
d. Treatment
e. Prevention
Urinary System
The Excretory
System
“Water
Purification
Plant”
1.13 Analyze basic structures and functions of human body systems (urinary).
k. Urinary (structures and functions of urinary system)
Functions of the
Urinary System
• Produces of urine
• Maintains homeostasis of blood
• Maintains blood pressure
• Helps regulate the body’s pH
• Stimulates red blood cell production
• Helps in many metabolic processes
1.13 Analyze basic structures and functions of human body systems (urinary).
k. Urinary (functions of urinary system, homeostatic balance)
Anatomy of the
Urinary System
Kidneys (2) - make urine
Ureters (2) - carry urine from each kidney to the urinary bladder
Bladder - expandable sac that holds urine
Urethra - tubing that transports urine to outside of body
Urinary meatus – external opening from the bladder to the
outside
1.13 Analyze basic structures and functions of human body systems (urinary).
k. Urinary (structures and functions of urinary system,)
Anatomy of the Kidney
Renal Capsule - fibrous covering of
connective tissue
Renal Hilum – indentation
giving the kidney its bean shape
– Renal arteries and veins enter here
– Ureters attach here
1.13 Analyze basic structures and functions of human body systems (urinary).
k. Urinary (structures and functions of urinary system,)
Anatomy of the Kidney
Collect Urine from
Pyramids
Renal Capsule
Minor Calyx
Major Calyx
Renal Pelvis
Cortex Blood
Filtered
Medulla
Ureter
Renal Pyramids
Collecting Tubules
Nephrons
The functional units of the kidney
–
filter blood to remove waste products
•
–
about 120 to 150 quarts of blood daily
forms urine
•
about 1 to 2 quarts of urine daily
• Microscopic
• Portions of the nephron are located in both the
cortex and medulla areas of the kidney
• Blood and urine flow from the outside area
(cortex) to the inner regions (medulla) of the
kidney
1.13 Analyze basic structures and functions of human body systems (urinary).
k. Urinary (structures and functions of urinary system, gross and microscopic anatomy)
Anatomy of the
Nephrons
• Renal Corpuscle - an expanded bulb-like end of
the nephron located in the cortex of the kidney
– Contains the glomerulus and Bowman's
capsule
– Filtration occurs
• Renal Tubules - thin twisting ducts of tubes
– Portions of the renal tubule are located within
both the renal cortex and medulla
– Absorption and secretion occur
1.13 Analyze basic structures and functions of human body systems (urinary).
k. Urinary (structures of urinary system, microscopic anatomy, process of urine formation)
Anatomy of the
Nephrons
Proximal Convoluted Tubule
Distal Convoluted Tubule
Efferent Arteriole
Glomerulus
Afferent Arteriole
Collecting Tubule
Bowman’s
Capsule
Ascending Loop
Descending Loop
Peritubular
Capillaries
Loop of Henle
1.13 Analyze basic structures and functions of human body systems (urinary).
k. Urinary (structures of urinary system, microscopic anatomy,)
Formation of Urine
Filtration
Reabsorption
Secretion
1.13 Analyze basic structures and functions of human body systems (urinary).
k. Urinary (process of urine formation)
The Renal Corpuscle
Glomerular Filtration
Filtration
• blood passes through the filter
– excess water
– electrolytes
– glucose
– fatty acids
– amino acids
– nitrogenous wastes
– vitamins
• substances are either reabsorbed or excreted
1.13 Analyze basic structures and functions of human body systems (urinary).
k. Urinary (, process of urine formation)
Proximal Convoluted Tubule
• Connects the Bowman’s capsule with the loop of
Henle
• Reabsorption by osmosis occurs
– glucose
– sodium
– chloride
– potassium
– urea
– phosphate
– water
1.13 Analyze basic structures and functions of human body systems (urinary).
k. Urinary (process of urine formation)
The Renal Tubules
Reabsorb fluid back into the blood
• Descending- reabsorbs certain solutes,
water and ions (permeable)
• Loop of Henle
• Ascending reabsorbs salts then more water
(osmosis) exits the descending limb which in
turn creates concentrated urine
• Distal convoluted tubule- responsible for
maintaining balanced pH levels of both blood
and urine
1.13 Analyze basic structures and functions of human body systems (urinary).
k. Urinary (process of urine formation)
Tubular Secretion
Composition of Urine
95% of total urine volume is water
5% solutes from cellular metabolism or other
outside sources such as drugs
Organic Components
– urea
– uric acid
– creatinine
– potassium
– ketone bodies
Inorganic Components
– chloride
– sodium
– calcium
– ammonium
– magnesium
– phosphate
– sulfate
1.13 Analyze basic structures and functions of human body systems (urinary).
k. Urinary (urine composition)
Ureters
Tubes that carry urine from the kidneys to the
urinary bladder
• an extension of the renal pelvis
• 25 to 30 cm long (10 to 12 inches)
Primary function is to transport urine
• gravity (hydrostatic pressure)
• peristaltic action
1.13 Analyze basic structures and functions of human body systems (urinary).
k. Urinary (structures and functions of urinary system,)
Urinary Bladder
• A hollow muscular organ that stores
urine
• Shape is dependent upon how much
urine is present at any given time,
rugae allow for expansion
• When filled with urine it is somewhat
pear shaped
1.13 Analyze basic structures and functions of human body systems (urinary).
k. Urinary (structures and functions of urinary system,)
Urethra
• A small tube leading from the floor of the
urinary bladder to the exterior of the body
– 2 inches in females
– 8 inches in males
• Urethral orifice (meatus)
– the opening of the urethra to the exterior
• External urethral sphincter
– sphincter muscle controlling urination
1.13 Analyze basic structures and functions of human body systems (urinary).
k. Urinary (structures and functions of urinary system,)
Diseases and Disorders:
Urinary System
• Abnormal Constituents of Urine
• Cystitis
• Glomerulonephritis
• Kidney Stones
• Renal Failure
1.21 Describe common diseases and disorders of each body system (such as: kidney
disease,). a. Etiology b. Pathology c. Diagnosis d. Treatment e. Prevention
Abnormal Constituents
of Urine
1.21 Describe common diseases and disorders of each body system (such as: kidney
disease,). a. Etiology b. Pathology c. Diagnosis d. Treatment e. Prevention
Abnormal Constituents
of Urine
Leukocytes (pyuria)
• indicates infection in
the urinary system
Ketone bodies
(ketosis or acetonuria)
Urobilogen
(urobilogenuria)
Microbes
• diabetes
• starvation
Bilirubin (bilirubinuria) • too few carbohydrates
• bacteria
1.21 Describe common diseases and disorders of each body system (such as: kidney
disease,). a. Etiology b. Pathology c. Diagnosis d. Treatment e. Prevention
Cystitis
Inflammation of the urinary bladder
Can be caused by:
• injury
• infection
• chemicals
Symptoms include:
• burning sensation upon urination
• painful urination
• frequent urination
• urgency
• low back pain
• possibly bed wetting
1.21 Describe common diseases and disorders of each body system (such as: kidney
disease,). a. Etiology b. Pathology c. Diagnosis d. Treatment e. Prevention
Glomerulonephritis
Inflammation of the glomeruli of the
kidneys
• Also called Bright’s Disease
• Can be caused by an allergic reaction
to toxins given off by bacteria that
have infected another part of the body
• Can result in kidney failure
1.21 Describe common diseases and disorders of each body system (such as: kidney
disease,). a. Etiology b. Pathology c. Diagnosis d. Treatment e. Prevention
Kidney Stones
• Renal Calculi
– crystalline masses present in the pelvis of
the kidney (calcium an uric acid)
• composed primarily of
– oxalates
– phosphates
– carbonates
• Size of stones varies
• Treatment- shock therapy, uteroscope,
ot surgery
1.21 Describe common diseases and disorders of each body system (such as: kidney
disease,). a. Etiology b. Pathology c. Diagnosis d. Treatment e. Prevention
Renal Failure
A decrease or cessation of glomerular
filtration (less than 10% of function)
• Acute Renal Failure (ARF)
– sudden worsening of renal function
– may be a result of hypovolemic shock
• Chronic Renal Failure (CRF)
– progressive, irreversible decline in function
– can be caused by
•
•
•
•
chronic glomerulonephritis
Pyelonephritis
congenital polycystic disease
traumatic loss of kidney tissue
1.21 Describe common diseases and disorders of each body system (such as: kidney
disease,). a. Etiology b. Pathology c. Diagnosis d. Treatment e. Prevention
Treatment of Renal Failure
• Transplantation
• Dialysis
– Hemodialysis
• Shunts put in artery and vein
• Blood circulates through dialysis machine that
allows diffusion of small ions and molecules across
a membrane while dialysis fluid on the other side
keep important metabolites in circulation
– Peritoneal dialysis
• Dialysis fluid introduced into the peritoneum which
acts as a dialysis membrane, then fluid is removed
1.21 Describe common diseases and disorders of each body system – Urinary System