Transcript metabolism booster

Yousaf Khan
Lecturer Renal Dialysis Technology
• A Pancreas is a soft, lobulated organ that stretches
obliquely across the posterior abdominal wall in the
epigastric region.
• It is situated behind the stomach and extends from the
duodenum to the spleen.
• The Pancreas in addition to its digestive function, secretes two
important hormones
1. Insulin
2. glucagon
• The Pancreas is composed of two major types of tissue.
• The Acini: Which secrete digestive juices.
• The Islets of Langerhans: which secrete insulin and glucagon.
• The Islets contain Three types of cell
a. Alpha cells: Secrete glucagon
b. Beta cells: Secrete insulin
c. Delta cells: Secrete somatostain
• Is secreted from the pancreas by the beta cells of Islets of
Langerhans.
Chemistry: Insulin is a small soluble protein containing 51 amino
acids.
• Half-life of insulin is 15-30 minutes.
Transport: Circulate in the blood combined to beta globulin.
• Insulin, being a protein is destroyed by proteolytic enzymes of
GIT.
• So it is not given orally, but by subcutaneous injection or in
serious condition administered intravenously.
• Insulin is inactivated by enzymes, especially by an enzyme of
liver called glutathione insulin transhydrogenase.
• Carbohydrate Metabolism:
a. It increase glucose entry into the cells by stimulation process of
facilitated diffusion. Specially in muscles, adipose tissues,
heart etc
b. It increases the utilization of glucose for energy.
c. It increase glycogen storage in cells.
d. It increases the conversion of glucose into fat to be stored in
adipose tissues.
e. So it is the only Hypoglycemic Agent of body.
• It increase fat deposition
• Increase fat formation from glucose
• Insulin deficiency leads toward hyperlpidemia, free fatty
acidemia and finally, ketosis and ketonuria.
• Increase active transport of amino acids into the cells even
against the concentration gradient.
• It increase protein synthesis, so overall it increase muscle mass.
• Increasing factors:
1. Hyperglycemia
2. Fructose
3. Amino acid
4. Ketones
5. Glucagon
6. G.H
7. Cortisol
8. Thyroxin
9. Pregnancy and lactation
• Decreasing factors:
a. Hypoglycemia
b. Starvation
c. Exercise
d. Stress
• It s secreted from the pancreas by the alpha cell of islet of
Langerhans.
• Chemistry: it is polypeptide containing 29 amino acid.
Carbohydrate Metabolism:
• Hyperglycemic hormone
a. It increase glycogenolysis (Break down of glycogen
to glucose) in liver
b. It increase gluconeogenesis (the generation
of glucose from non-carbohydrate carbon substrates
like pyruvate, lactate,glycerol, glucogenic amino
acids, and fatty acids) especially in the liver cell.
• Promotes proteolysis (the breakdown of proteins or peptides
into amino acids by the action of enzymes)
• Increase amino acid entry in hepatic cells
• Promotes gluconeogenesis from amino acid
• raised blood urea level.
• Leads towards hyperlipidemia
• Mobilization of fats from adipose tissue
• Increase lipolysis, promotes gluconeogenesis
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INCREASING FACTORS
Hypoglycemia
Exercise
Starvation
Malnutrition
Stress
Excess of insulin
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DECREASING FACTORS
Hyperglycemia
Hyperlipidemia
Ketonemia
SomatostaIn
Lack of insulin
NOTE: Glucagon and Adrenaline have opposite
action of insulin therefor are known as Insulin
Antagonists
• Diabetes is a chronic (lifelong) disease marked by high
levels of sugar in the blood.
The Types of Diabetes
• There are two Types of diabetes…..
• One is Type 1 Diabetes
• The other is Type 2 Diabetes
• Type 1 diabetes is a chronic (lifelong) disease that
occurs when the pancreas does not produce enough
insulin to properly control blood sugar levels.
What Causes Type 1 Diabetes
• The body's own immune system attacks and destroys
beta cells in the pancreas that are responsible for
creating the hormone insulin.
• Type 2 diabetes formerly called non-insulindependent diabetes is a disorder that is characterized
by high blood glucose in the context of insulin
resistance and relative insulin deficiency.
What Causes Type 2 Diabetes
• Type 2 diabetes occurs when the pancreas doesn't
make enough insulin or the cells of the body become
resistant to insulin.
• Hypoglycemia, also called low blood glucose or low
blood sugar, occurs when blood glucose drops below
normal levels.
• Hyperglycemia, or high blood sugar is a condition in
which an excessive amount of glucose circulates in the
blood plasma.
• If you sugar is 70 or lower you should treat it with….
½ a glass of juice
¼ glass of soft drink
2 or more glucose tablets if necessary
• If your sugar is above 240 you should do the followings:
Drink lots of sugar-free fluids like water or diet drinks
Eat the right food and the right amounts
Check your blood sugars more often
Check ketones if over 240
Call doctor or nurse if you have a positive ketones
• Be physical active….
• Eat a healthy diet
• Abcs(know and control) Hba1c, blood pressure,
cholesterol, and smoking
• Take your medication
THANK YOU