Transcript File

Middle Ages Europe
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Religion dominated medieval
society
Church was supreme to the
state
Church was greatest patron of
art and literature
Medieval art focused on the
church and salvation
Middle Ages Europe
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Feudalism- decline of Roman
Empire, invasions, order to chaos
Exchange of land and work for
protection
Agricultural Economy
Trade and manufacturing
The Great Schism
(spilt of the Christian Church) 1054 C.E.
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Cultural and political differences between the
eastern and western Roman Empire weakened
the unity of the Christian Church and led to its
division.
The Great Schism
(spilt of the Christian Church) 1054 C.E.
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Late 700s, Germanic Lombards invasion of Italy
Pope asked for help from the Franks, Pope crowned the
Frankish king, Charlemagne, as the new Roman
Emperor
Roman Catholic
 Pope
 celibate
 Latin
 Rome
 icons
Eastern Orthodox
 Patriarch
 married
 Greek
 Constantinople
 No icons, pix only
Crusades
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Crusades- series of wars fought between
Christians and Muslims for control of the
Holy Land (Jerusalem).
The Crusades stimulated trade by
introducing Europeans to Middle Eastern
products.
Trade encouraged the use of usury
(charging interest) and new bookkeeping
practices (Arabic numerals).
Constantinople
video
Hundred Years’ War
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1337-1453
Fought between France and England over
land and hereditary rights.
Conflict helped to establish France &
England as nation-states.
Professional armies
Great (Western) Schism Part Deux
1378-1417
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Conflicts between kings and popes
common
Pope moved to Avignon, France
New pope moved back, harsh, disliked,
excommunicated
Two popes
Council of Constantine
Boccaccio's The Decameron
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Not such were they as in the East, where an issue of blood from the
nose was a manifest sign of inevitable death; but in men and women
alike it first betrayed itself by the emergence of certain tumours in the
groin or the armpits, some of which grew as large as a common apple,
others as an egg, some more, some less, which the common folk
called gavoccioli. From the two said parts of the body this deadly
gavocciolo soon began to propagate and spread itself in all directions
indifferently; after which the form of the malady began to change, black
spots or livid making their appearance in many cases on the arm or the
thigh or elsewhere, now few and large, now minute and numerous.
Black Death
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In the 14th century (1347), the Bubonic plague decimated
the European and Asian populations.
unhealthy and unsanitary conditions
Results: decline in population, scarcity (limited) of labor,
feudalism weakened, economy and trade disrupted, and
Church influence declined.
Peasant revolts in England, France, Belgium, Italydemand for higher wages
video
The Renaissance
New intellectual and artistic ideas that
developed during the Renaissance marked
the beginning of the modern world (new
ideas, innovations, and exploration) .
Rise of Italian city-states
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Much of Europe rural, urban centers in N.
Italy, by late 1300’s some cities 100,000
Independent city-states governed by
wealthy merchant oligarchies
Wealthy merchant families dominated
northern Italian cities
Italian City-States
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Wealth from trade with the Middle
East led to the rise of Italian citystates.
The Italian Renaissance originated
in Florence, Venice, and Genoa.
Why?
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1. They had access to trade routes
between Europe and the Middle East
2. Served as centers to distribute (trade)
goods to Northern Europe
3. They were initially independent citystates (republics)
Quattrocento (15th century)
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Florence became center of Renaissance
Wealth based on textile merchants and
bankers
Medici family dominated Florence during
15th century
Art shed medieval style, more classical
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Masaccio’s Tribute Money
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Medici Family
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Wealthy merchants became patrons
of the arts, helping artists to pay for
their works of art. The Medici family
of Florence was the most famous of
wealthy patrons.
Cosimo and Lorenzo
Libraries, churches, art commissions
Italian education & society became
increasingly secular. Less emphasis
on salvation, more on present.
Italian Renaissance & Humanism
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“Rebirth” or revival of Classical learning and civic
humanism, “birth” of the modern world
Renaissance art and literature focused on
individuals, worldly matters, and Christianity.
Humanism- intellectual movement that:
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Celebrated the individual
Stimulated the study of Greek & Roman literature and
culture
Was supported by wealthy patrons- display wealth, power,
fame
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Virtu
Renaissance artists- individualism, fame,
excellence
Medieval artists- glory of God, not personal
fame
Secularism: a break from dependence on
the RCC
Francesco Petrarca
“Father of Humanism”
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Petrarch
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Study original classical texts
understand human nature
“Dark Ages”
Wrote love sonnets
“Letters”
Important Writers
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Boccaccio, The Decameron, prose tales,
good description of 14th century life
Baldassare Castiglione, The Courtier, ideal
courtier: charming, witty, graceful, dance,
poetry, music. Women: educated, but
inspire art not create it
Giovanni Pico della Mirandola, Oration on
the Dignity of Man, celebrated human
potential for greatness
Niccolo Machiavelli
1469-1527
Renaissance political philosopher
 Observed city-states rulers and
created guidelines for obtaining
and maintaining absolute power
 Pessimistic view of man, believed
people ungrateful & untrustworthy
 Urged rulers to study war, be
ruthless and pragmatic
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Machiavelli’s The Prince
1513
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Early modern treatise on
government that supports:
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absolute power of the ruler
“the end justifies the means”
one should do good if possible,
but do evil when necessary
Architecture
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Less Gothic, more
classical,
domes, arches, columns
Leon Battista Alberti
Filippo Brunelleschi
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Sculpture- classical, nude
Pyramid configuration
Perspective- illusion of depth
Classical forms & Christian subjects
Reject hierarchical scaling
Cinquecento- 16th century
High Renaissance in Rome
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Chiaroscuro- blending
of light and dark =
volume, depth
da Vinci, Michelangelo,
Raphael
Late Renaissance
Mannerismunnaturalistic
Compared to Medieval
Compared to Medieval
Transition from Medieval Art
Renaissance Art
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Leonardo da Vinci- Mona Lisa & The Last
Supper
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Michelangelo- statue
of David & ceiling of
the Sistine Chapel
Michelangelo’s Sistine Chapel
Renaissance spreads to Northern Europe
Northern Renaissance
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With the rise of trade, travel, and literacy, the
Italian Renaissance spread to northern Europe.
The art and literature changed as people of
different cultures adopted Renaissance ideas.
Growing wealth in Northern Europe supported
Renaissance ideas.
Northern Renaissance thinkers merged humanist
ideas with Christianity.
Different from Italian
Renaissance…
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Should not be considered an appendage to Italian
art……..but, Italian influence was strong.
The differences between the two cultures:
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Italy  humanism, emphasis on the revival of the
values of classical antiquity.
Northern Europe  change was driven by religious
reform, the return to Christian values, and the revolt
against the authority of the Church.
More princes & kings were patrons of artists.
N. Ren. Art
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Oil painting, reality,
details
Everyday objects =
disguised symbols
Jan van Eyck,
Arnolfini Wedding
Dog = fidelity
Discarded shoes =
religious ceremony
Bare feet helps fertility
Marriage license
N. Ren. Art
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Albrecht Durer
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Absorbed Italian
Renaissance ideas
Woodcuts, selfportraits
Hans Holbein the
Younger
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Realism
Northern Renaissance Writers
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Desiderius Erasmus 1466-1536
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Dutch Christian Humanist
In Praise of Folly (1511) – a satire
of greedy merchants and church
corruption
Wrote in Latin as opposed to
vernacular
Reform church, not destroy it
Northern Renaissance Writers
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Sir Thomas More
(1478-1535)
English Humanist
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Utopia (1516) (meaning
nowhere)- depiction of a
perfect ideal society
Religious toleration,
humanist education,
communal property
Renaissance Writers
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William Shakespeare
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English poet and playwright
Wrote sonnets, plays, & essays
More Northern
Renaissance Writers!
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Michel de Montaigne- French,
essay as literary genre, Essais,
skepticism, anecdotes
Francois Rabelais- French,
Gargantua and Pantagruel,
condemned church corruption
Miguel de Cervantes- Spanish,
Don Quixote, first modern novel
Spread of ideas
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Johannes Gutenberg invented
the moveable type printing
press, Bible 1456
Gutenberg’s printing press
helped to:
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Increase literacy and the
production and sale of books
disseminate Renaissance &
Reformation ideas
Difficult to suppress dissention
Decline of Italian city-states
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Economic decline
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Loss of most Asian trade routes
textile competition from NW Europe
Rise of Atlantic economy
Political problems
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Quarreling city-states
Foreign invasion (France, Spain)
Women in the Renaissance
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Querelle des femmes- debate about
women, nature, role in society
Castiglione’s Courtier - perfect court
lady should be educated, talented in
arts but not active in politics or art,
attractive “ornament”
Christine de Pizan- First Feminist,
wrote history of famous women to
refute myths, The City of Ladies
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Isabella D’Este- most
famous Renaissance
woman, art patron
Her life illustrated that
the most acceptable
role for a well-educated
woman was to become
a patron of the arts
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1536 Titian
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Literacy increased
Caterina Sforza
Isabella I
Mary Tudor
Elizabeth I
Catherine de Medici
2004 AP Euro Exam FRQ
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Analyze the influence of humanism on the
visual arts in the Italian Renaissance. Use
at least THREE specific works to support
your analysis.
Botticelli,
Pallas and
the Centaur
Titian,
Allegory of
Prudence
Eyck,
Arnolfini
Wedding
Donatello,
Mary
Magdalene
Michelangelo, La Pieta
da Vinci, flying machine drawings
Masaccio,
Madonna and
Child with
Angels
Bruegel, Netherlandish Proverbs
Durer,
Erasmus of
Rotterdam
Holbein,
The
Ambassadors
Raphael,
Madonna del
Baldacchino