Transcript 课件文艺复兴（二-1-1）

课件二·
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文艺复兴
The Renaissance
一、文艺复兴及人文主义精神特征
二、意大利的文艺复兴
三、西欧诸国的文艺复兴
四、文艺复兴时期的科学
五、文艺复兴的历史意义
（2-1-0）
The Renaissance
（2-1-1）
The artistic, literary and scientific revival which
originated in Italy in the 14th c. and which
influenced the rest of Europe in the next two
centuries. Broadly, it was typified by the spread of
humanism, a return to classical values and the
beginning of objective scientific inquiry.The term
‘Renaissance’ was given currency in the 19th c. The
Renaissance created a culture which, though based
in large on the imitation of the ancients, freed man
to prove and enjoy the world in a way not possible
under the medieval Church’s dispensation(安排，统
治）. In this release lay the way of development of
the modern world.
Dante Alighieri （1265—1321)
但丁
The greatest medieval
poet came from a
noble Florentine family.
Deeply involved in
Florentine politics, he
was permanently
exiled from the city. He
was one of the first
men to write in the
vernacular (方言）in
Italy, and help
establish the Tuscan
dialect as the standard
form of the Italian
language.
（2-1-2）
the Devine Comedy
《神曲》

The work Dante will
always be
remembered is the
Devine Comedy, a
vision of Hell,
Purgatory(炼狱）,
and Heaven written
in magnificent
Italian verse.
（2-1-3）
Francesco Petrarch （1304-74）彼特拉克
（2-1-4）
Italian poet and scholar,
famous for for his sonnets
(十四行诗), which quickly
influenced poets writing in
other European languages.
In his extensive letters and
essays on religious,
philosophical and political
subjects frequently
expressed a humanistic point
of view. He was called “the
father of humanity”.
Boccaccio (1313-75) and his “Decameron”
( a collection of 100 stories)
Italian author. He
began his great
story collection,
the Decameron ,
about the time
when the Black
Death reached
Florence (1348).
With the older
Dante and the
contemporary
Petrarch, he is one
of the three great
poets of the Italian
fourteenth century.
卜伽丘与《十日谈》 （2-1-5）
Leonardo Da Vinci ( 1452-1519)
达 · 芬奇
( 2-2-1）
Italian painter,
draftsman, sculptor,
architect, and engineer,
whose genius, perhaps
more than that of any
other figures,
epitomized the
Renaissance humanist
ideal. His notebooks
reveal a spirit of
scientific inquiry and a
mechanical
inventiveness that were
centuries ahead of his
time.
The Last Supper 最后的晚餐
(2-2-2）
In painting The Last
Supper , he chose not
the moment when Christ
breaks the bread and
remarks, “this is my
body…,” as a medieval
artist might have done,
but the more humanly
dramatic and startling
moment when he
announces, “One of you
will betray me .”The
resulting psychological
crisis experienced by
each disciple is carefully
portrayed.
Mona Lisa 《蒙娜丽莎》(1503-06) (2-2-3）
-
创
奇作
艺于
术 15
的 03
最
高 06
表年
现，
。是
达
芬
·
Michelangelo Buonarotti
米开朗基罗
•
(1475 -- 1564)
（2-3-1）
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Italian
Renaissance
sculptor, painter,
architect, and poet
who exerted an
unparalleled
influence on the
development of
Western art.
David （雕塑）作者 米开朗基罗 （2-3-2）
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Gigantic marble, started
in 1501 and completed in
1504. The sculpture
(standing at 4.34m/14 ft
3 in tall) was in place
outside the Palazzo
Vecchio. The choice of
David was supposed to
reflect the power and
determination of
Republican Florence and
was under constant
attack from supporters of
the usurped Medicis. In
the 19th century the
statue was moved to the
Accademia.
The Last Judgment（《最后的审判》
壁画）
作者 米开朗基罗 （2-3-3）
Fresco （壁
画） on the
western
wall of
Sistine
Chapel（西
斯廷教堂）.
The Creation of Man （创世纪·创造亚当
作者
米开朗基罗
壁画）
（2-3-4）
Fragment
（部分）of
the
Sistine
Chapel
ceiling，
finished
in 1512.
Raphael（1483-1520）拉斐尔
（2-4-1）

Italian painter and architect of
High Renaissance. At the age of 28,
he ranked with the greatest
painters of the time. His finely
drawn
compositions,
though
sometimes elaborate, are subtly
unified and poses of his figures are
profoundly expressive. His colours
are of
extreme delicacy. His
portraits are perhaps the first in
European art in which the
spirituality of the sitter is express as
well as his likeness. Raphael
expresses, in both his religious and
classical subjects,
a vision of
idealized beauty in a harmoniously
ordered universe.
Sistine Madonna
《西斯廷圣母》 作者 Raphael （2-4-3)
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拉斐尔短暂的一生创造了许多美
丽的女性形象，其中大多数为圣
母。他成就的圣母象是平民化的
母亲形象。纯朴、慈爱、善良、
和蔼可亲，充满人情味。“是世
俗的理想战胜基督教的修道院的
最突出的艺术表现之一。”《西
斯廷圣母》是拉斐尔为比亚森萨
希思厅教堂做的一幅祭坛画。圣
母怀抱婴儿从天而降，左面跪着
的是教皇西斯廷二世，右面蹲着
的是充满喜悦和感动之情的圣徒
巴巴拉，她正俯视下面两个望着
天空遐想的可爱的小天使。画面
反映了意大利人民渴望圣母带给
人间幸福安乐的心愿，也反映了
圣母为给人间带来非和温暖甘心
情愿献出自己骨肉的崇高精神。
School of Athens
《雅典学派》
《雅典学派》系为梵蒂
冈宫绘制的壁画。以柏
拉图和亚里士多德的争
论为中心，包括苏格拉
底、毕达格拉斯等50多
位哲学家、科学家、艺
术家集聚在一起进行热
烈的讨论，体现了对科
学真理的探求精神。它
同达·芬奇的《最后的晚
餐》、米凯朗基罗的
《最后的审判》并驾齐
驱，被视为文艺复兴盛
期壁画艺术的辉煌代表。
作者
Raphael（2-4-4)
Niccolo Machiavelli
马基雅维里
(1469-1527)
（2-5-1）
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Florentine statesman
and political theorist
and writer.其代表作《君
主论》（The Prince)用
人的眼光来观察国家，
使国家理论从中世纪的
神学中解放出来；强调
君主要用权术统治国家，
意在实现意大利的统一
与强盛，反映了新兴资
产阶级的要求。
William Shakespeare （1564-1616)
莎士比亚
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the greatest English poet and
playwright. His greatest
period was between 16001607, during which he
produced the comedies As
You Like It and Twelfth Night
(1600-01), the tragedies
Hamlet (02-03), Othello(1604),
King Lear(05-06), and
Macbeth(06 ) as well as
Antony and Cleopatra(07-08)
and at least four other plays.
The ‘Sonnets’ date from 1609.
沙翁 一生共创作37个剧本，154
首十四行体诗，两部叙事长诗和
其他一些诗歌。他的作品标志着
欧洲文艺复兴时期的人文主义文
学发展到了最高峰。
（2-6-1）
课件二· Francois Rabelais
拉伯雷
(c.1494-c.1553)
（2-6-2）
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French writer and
scholar)，代表作有
Gargantua and
Pantagruel （ 《巨
人传》)等。其对人
的巨大力量的赞美、
肯定，对教皇、神学
家、法官的讽刺，表
现了浓重的人文主义
色彩。
课件二·
Miguel de Cervantes
塞万提斯

（ 1547-1616)
（2-6-3）
Spanish author and
dramatist, whose best
known work is Don
Quixote (1605,《堂吉诃
德》), a novel
episodic(插曲式的)in
structure with many
inserted tales. The
hero is a parody(模仿)
of the knight errant
（游侠）and , at the
same time, a perfect
exponent of chivalric
(骑士风度的）nobility.
课件二· Don
Quixote （2-6-4）
《堂吉诃德》
(1605)
（Don
Quixote)插
图
课件二· Thomas More（1478-1535）
莫 尔（2-7-1）

English statesman and humanist
scholar, canonized (1935，死后封
为圣徒）as St. Thomas More.
More succeeded (1529) Wolsey as
as lord chancellor to Henry Ⅷ.
He resigned (1532) after refuse to
the king’s divorce from Catherine
of Aragon. When he refused to
conform to the Act of Supremacy,
he was imprisoned, found guilty
of treason and beheaded. His
Utopia(1516) written in
Latin,contained his view of ideal
of non-Christian state: a republic
of philosophers.
课件二
· Desiderius Erasmus (c.1469 - 1536)
伊拉斯谟
(2-7-2）
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Dutch scholar, exemplar of the
New Learning of Renaissance, a
tolerant, radical Christian
humanist opposing religious and
political fanaticism and tyranny.In
1516, he published the first Greek
edition of the New Testament, with
an accompanying Latin version,as
an essential preparation for his
biblical criticism. His best known
work is the Praise of folly, a
pamphlet mainly directed against
the behavior of ruling classes and
church dignitaries while exposing
the irony of mankind's vanities.
课件二· Nicolaus Copernicus
哥白尼
(1473-1543)
(2-8-1)
Polish astronomer and
administrator（代理牧
师）.He put forward
the ideas,
revolutionary at that
time, that “the earth is
not at the center of the
Universe”, “the earth
and other planets orbit
about the sun.”
课件二· Galileo Galilei
伽利略
(1564-1642)
(2-8-2）
Italian astronomer and
physicist. His many
achievements include the
discovery of isochronism
(等时性）of the pendulum
and demonstration that the
acceleration of a falling
body does not depend on its
mass. He constructed
telescopes, Discovered
Jupiter’s （木星）satellites,
and observed sunspots and
the mountainous nature of
the moon,. A supporter of
Copernican theory, Galileo
was forced by the
Inquisition（宗教法庭） to
recant（认错）.
课件二·
Geordano Bruno（1548-1600)
布鲁诺（2-8-3）
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Italian Renaissance
philosopher. He taught at
Paris and and at Oxford,
attacking Scholasticism (经
院哲学）and Aristotelianism
（亚里士多德哲学). He was
greatly influenced by
Nicholas of Cusa.Under
the influence of the new
Copernican astronomy, he
evolved a naturalistic and
mystical pantheism(泛神论）.
He was burnt at Roma as a
heretic.
课件二·
Francis Bacon （1561-1626）
培根
（2-8-4）
English statesman,
philosopher and essayist. In
natural philosophy he
completed the break from
the medieval scholastic
method, laid down for the
first time the a classification
of the natural science, and
founded a new inductive
method（归纳法） of
reasoning which challenged
traditional authority (and
revelation) and prepared the
way for experimental science.
课件二·
Rene Descartes (1596-1650)
笛卡尔
French philosopher, physicist
and mathematician.While He
found the science of analytical
geometry (1637) and
discovered the law of
geometric optics（光学）.
While in his scientific works
he reasoned as a materialist,
in metaphysics (玄学，抽象思维）
he appears as an idealist. He
ever said: “ I doubt, therefore
I think; I think, therefore I
am. ”