Transcript Chapter 11 notes with class introduction

Introduction/ Renaissance
Chapter 11
Late Middle Ages
Between 1300 and 1450, Europe experienced a
series of severities: economic dislocation, plague,
war, social upheaval, and increased crime and
violence
Old centralized states were disturbed by war/
dynastic confusion and economic depression
Aristocratic families made new political and
economic alliances
Western Europe fragmented into regionally diffused
landholdings of aristocratic families
Late Middle Ages
Western Europe
Fragmented into
thousands of tiny
jurisdictions
Under control of
bishops, imperial
towns, and kings
Eastern Europe
Agricultural based with
mining in the south
Ruled by dynasties result of alliance
system of aristocratic
families
100 Years War
1337-1453
1328 Charles IV of
France died childless
Charles had a sister:
Queen Isabella of
England
Struggle over French
dynastic succession
Causes of the war:
English king’s status as
vassal of the French king
for his territories in
Gascony
English support for
urban rebellions in
Flanders against the king
of France
English king’s claim to
the throne of France after
the end of the Capetian
dynasty in 1314 (death of
Charles IV)
100 Years War
1337-1453
France had great size
and wealth as an
advantage, but it was
offset by England’s
greater administrative
efficiency (also knew
newer forms of
warfare)
Joan of Arc: galvanized
the French army to
victory before her
capture and execution
in 1431
Exhausted by years of
warfare the English
were pressed back to
the coast of France
War of the Roses
The English Civil War 1455-1485
The civil war in
England
English kings granted
more power to
aristocracy for financial
support. War created
powerful and
autonomous
aristocratic families
with their own armies.
Under weak kings the
families fought for
power for 30 years
York-badge was the
white rose and
Lancaster-badge was
the red rose. War came
to an end when Henry
Tudor of the Lancaster
house defeated his
enemies. Henry Tudor
then became Henry VII
of England and ruled
1489-1509
Black Death
The disease was
carried by fleas on
infected rats, who
would bite humans.
Once bitten the person
would develop a high
fever, begin coughing,
and develop painful
swelling in lymph
nodes of the groin or
armpits. Final stage
was vomiting blood
Spread bubonic and
pneumonic (person to
person)
Death took 3-5 days to
kill most. Although,
airborne virus could
only take hours to kill
killed ½ to 1/3 of
Europe’s population
caused major
economic depression
(increased taxation,
revolts, loss of
financial backing in
some cities, and
increased gap between
the rich and poor
"Der Doktor Schnabel von
Rom" (English: "Doctor
Beak of Rome") engraving
by Paul Fürst. The beak is a
primitive gas mask, stuffed
with substances (such as
spices and herbs) thought to
ward off the plague.
Plague has a long history as
a biological weapon.
Historical accounts from
medieval Europe detail the
use of infected animal
carcasses, such as cows or
horses, and human
carcasses, by Mongols,
Turks and other groups, to
contaminate enemy water
supplies. Plague victims
were also reported to have
been tossed by catapult into
cities under siege.
-wikipedia-
The Roman Catholic Church
There was only one
church in the Middle
Ages in Western
Europe (Roman
Catholic), which held
power both over kings
and countries. In the
late Middle Ages the
church began to lose
its powers:
Babylonian Captivity:
1309-1376 popes lived
in Avignon in
southeastern France
(away from Rome)
Great Schism: various
popes at same time
1377-1415 –Church
loses power
Conciliar Movement:
reform the church by
assemblies
(constitutional)
John Wyclif precursor
of the Reformationscriptures alone should
be the standard for
Christian belief
So what does it mean???
A very long war, a civil
war, a plague that killed
a huge amount of the
population, and the
breakdown of power of
the Church
Disruption of trade,
inflation, increased
poverty, poor diets,
increased crime,
development of
nationalism (feeling of
unity and identity that
binds together people)
Emergence of the
state: as the church
begins to lose power
the state will pick it up
So all of these very
important events laid
the foundations for the
development of Europe
and movement into the
Renaissance
Renaissance
Rebirth
Scholars use the term
Renaissance to describe
the cultural
achievements of the 14th
–16th centuries
Italy led the way due to
the commercial revival of
the area that started in
the 11th centuryCrusades
Italy distinguished from
the rest of Europe by its
urbanization
Italy had more major and
minor cities than
anywhere else:
geography key
Amounts of disposable
wealth went up after
plague-luxury items
increased
Life was hard for the
young and especially the
poor: children sent to
work: boys at age of 10
became apprentices and
girls domestic servants
Renaissance
In cities wealth/ social
standing was usually
based occupation
Guilds regulated
industries (set prices,
wages, and conditions)
Concentration of wealth
in a few families-most
people destitute: Medici
family of Florence
Plague created an
increase in the value of
labor
In short-run this meant
the laborers’
disposable wealth
(amount left after
necessities) went up
Both the rich and poor
began to purchase
luxury items: silks,
jewelry, imported
foodstuffs, and art
In a sense, the culture
of the Renaissance
was the creation of the
plague
Quality of Life
Women’s marriage place
was secured by her dowry.
Poor families had
daughters enter domestic
service in order to have the
dowry paid by their master
Women lived in a constant
state of pregnancy when
husband was alive-details
of fertility unknown (used
rhythm method and
withdrawal)
Overall health improved
and life expectancy
increased (better diet due
to grain surplus and
improvements in
transportation of goods)
Renaissance towns and
cities introduced new
social and political
cohesiveness-ties on blood
relations and
neighborhoods
Church still social center:
provided answers for life’s
mysteries
Church and state sought to
express social values of
the Christian faith (for the
illiterate) through art. It
tapped in on the skilled
artists that had been
trained by way of
apprenticeships
Renaissance Women
Women in the lower
classes continued
participating in
agricultural activities. In
cities this transferred to
shops. Lower class
women continued in
domestic service roles
Upper class women’s
status declined. Men
denied them any political
or legal rights. These
women were to manage
the household and all its
servants, have children,
and entertain
Women’s status on the
issue of sexuality also
changed. Renaissance
humanists such as
Castiglione laid the
double standard. For
women sex was
restricted to marriage.
Her role was to be
chaste, then a wife, and
then a mother. While
men could pursue sex
outside the marriage.
Rape was also not
considered a serious
crime
Renaissance Slavery
The large death toll
associated with the
Plague created a huge
demand for labor. This
demand was met by
slaves. Many slaves
came for Eastern
Europe. The term
slave carries a ethnic
connotation meaning a
person of Slavic
heritage. Slaves were
also created through
unstable political
conditions. Slaves
were the spoils of war.
Additionally, black
Africans were
imported, especially by
the Portuguese, as
slaves in Europe
In Africa economic
needs of the ruler took
priority over locals.
1492 the King of the
Congo sold slaves in
exchange for weapons
and other goods
Renaissance Art
The art of the
Renaissance owed much
to the social system in
which artists lived
Wealth of cities
permitted for public
works of art, which was
commissioned by
corporate sources to
show their power. Later
it was used on individual
level to show rich (newly)
Disposable wealth (non
critical personal funds)
led to interest in
portraiture
Art was also a product of
the educational system:
principles of the craft
and guild
Renaissance artists had
to solve problem of
perspective and threedimensionality. They
returned to classical
ideas, realism, nude
figures, and expression
in the face
The artist was
considered a free
intellectual worker and
was respected and
rewarded.
Crucifixion
1335
Example of Middle Ages
Art
Museo
ThyssenBornemisza, Madrid
Problems with
perspective and 3-D
The Engagement
of Virgin Mary)
Example of
Renaissance Art
Raphael
1504
Great Renaissance Artists
Michelangelo (sculpture)
Leonardo da Vinci
(painting)
Sandro Botticeli
(painting)
Brunelleschi
(architecture)
Donatello (sculpture)
Masaccio (painting)
Raphael (painting)
David, Sistine Chapel,
Pieta
Mona Lisa, Last Supper
Birth of Venus, Spring
Florence Cathedral
Judith Slaying Holofernes
Expulsion of Adam and
Eve
The Engagement of
Virgin Mary)
Explain the differences in artwork between the two periods…why is it
different??? Explain what was going on socially and politically during the
Renaissance to cause this and how it is represented in the later bust.
ANTELAMI, Benedetto
August
c. 1200
DONATELLO
Bust of
1430s
Niccolo
da
Uzzano
David
Art
Renaissance art
reflected society. It
took old ideas and
mixed them with new
techniques. The artists
did more than simply
adorn buildings and
celebrate their
society…their work
expressed the ideals of
that society: they
emphasized learning
and knowledge, the
here and now, and
humanity
1504
MICHELANGELO
Intellectual Hallmarks
Individualism: stressed
personality, uniqueness,
genius, and full
development of one’s
capabilities and talents.
Leon Battista Alberti
(1404-1474) “Men can do
all things if they will”
Humanism: revival of
antiquity (Greece/Rome).
Humanists studied the
Latin classics to learn
what they reveal about
human nature.
Humanism emphasized
human beings, their
achievements, interests,
and capabilities.
Humanists placed
importance on grammar,
rhetoric, moral
philosophy, and history.
Focused on 2 major
philosophers-Plato and
Aristotle. Philology or
the study of the origins
of words was central to a
humanist like Lorenzo
Valla who proved the
Donation of Constantine
was a forgery
Secularism: involves a
basic concern with the
material world instead of
with the eternal world of
the spirit
Works
Leon Battista Alberti
(1404-1474)- On the
Family: classic study of
new urban values-thrift
and prudence
Baldesar Castiglione
(1478-1529)-The Courtier:
an etiquette book that
prescribed every detail of
the education necessary
for the ideal state servant
Francesco Petrarch
(1304-1374): important
figure in literary
humanism
Niccolo Machiavelli
(1469-1527): The Prince:
blueprint to realistic,
modern power politics.
Explores how a ruler
should gain, maintain,
and increase power. It is
better to be feared than
loved. A ruler should
also be concerned with
the way things are NOW
not the way things ought
to be. Machiavellian:
entered the language as
a synonym for politically
devious, corrupt, and
crafty.
Advances in Technology
1454 Printing Press:
Johann Gutenberg,
Johann Fust, and Peter
Schoffer (movable type
and use of paper
instead of vellum
(calfskin) and
parchment (sheepskin)technology came from
China
Mechanical Clockderived from the
sundial, this allowed
Europeans to divide
the working day into
equal hours and thus
allowed the working
day to be set
Northern Renaissance
Renaissance ideals
were spread via trade.
Eventually, artists and
representatives of
northern states went to
Italy to learn
They brought these
skills back and the
Renaissance thus
spread north
However, Northern
Renaissance was
characteristically
different. It had a
distinct religious
character
EYCK, Jan van
1435
The Virgin of Chancellor Rolin
Italian Cities
5 powers that dominated
Italy: Venice, Milan,
Florence, the Papal
States, and the Kingdom
of Naples (not a
consolidated kingdomindependent cities ran by
different governments
and families…also the
balance of power
between cities created
this autonomy)
Banking families like the
Medici’s of Florence
controlled politics and
culture in their cities
Marriages often sealed
business contracts
Venice- republican, but
ran by merchant
aristocrats
Milan-republic-despots
(Sforza family)
Florence-republiccouncil of state (Medici
banking family –Cosimo/
Lorenzo)
Papal States-reassertion
of papal authority under
Pope Alexander VI’s son
Borgia
Kingdom of Naples-King
disputed by France and
Aragon
Italy
Venice: prosperity
based on military and
commercial control of
the seas. Republic
controlled merchant
contracts and many
prospered from this.
Government intended
to distribute power
among the 2500
members of the Great
Council. It prospered
from its relationship
with the Byzantine
Empire and interaction
in the spice trade
Florence: prosperity
based on commercial
success of banking
and wool industry.
However, the plague
and war brought
devastation to the city.
The city switched from
being ruled by a
council to a family
(Medici’s). The family
brought Florence out of
its former economic
depression
Wars of Italy
1454: five powers signed
the Treaty of Lodi, which
established two balanced
alliances (Florence and
Milan and Venice and
Naples). They and the
Papal States pledged
mutual non-aggression
However, the larger
states began gobbling up
their smaller neighbors
At the same time the
Ottomans defeated the
Byzantines and
threatened Italy,
especially Venetian trade
1494-1529 Wars of Italy:
Naples, Florence, and
Papal States united
against Milan. Milan
called upon the French
for help and under
Charles VIII the French
invaded the peninsula in
1494. France swept
through Italy. Next,
Venice and the Papal
States called upon King
Ferdinand of Aragon and
the Holy Roman Emperor
for help. Italy became a
battleground for
European war.
Formation of the state
High Middle Ages
witnessed the origins
of many basic
institutions of the state
such as: sheriffs,
inquests, juries, circuit
judges, representative
assemblies, and
professional
bureaucracies
Monarchs and states
during the
Renaissance were
rebuilding their
governments and
recovering from the
Hundred Years’ War
and the resurgence of
feudal power as a
result. They used
aggressive methods to
accomplish this and to
control the nobility
Such monarchs were:
Louis XI, Henry VII, and
Ferdinand and Isabella
of Spain