Transcript C. - Science Math Master

Macromolecules:
Carbohydrates, Lipids,
Proteins
What did you eat for breakfast today?
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
This unit is the property of Ryan P.
Murphy copyright 2010
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
Goal: By the end of the of this unit
you should be able to describe,
proteins, carbohydrates, lipids.
This unit will help you understand the make-up of
complex molecules.
Area of Focus: SPONCH
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• 25 of the 100+ elements are essential for life.
– SPONCH elements are the most biologically
important.
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• 25 of the 100+ elements are essential for life.
– SPONCH elements are the most biologically
important.
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
25 of the 100+ elements in the
world are essential for life.
– SPONCH elements are the most biologically
important.
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• Organic Chemistry: The chemistry
of carbon compounds.
– Carbon is the duct tape of life. It holds everything
together.
• Percentage of SPONCH elements in living things.
•
•
•
•
•
•
S.
P.
O.
N.
C.
H.
•
Other (Trace)
•
Sulfur, Sodium, Magnesium, Copper, Zinc, Selenium, Molybdenum, Fluorine,
Chlorine, Iodine, Manganese, Cobalt, Iron Lithium, Strontium, Aluminum, Silicon,
Lead, Vanadium, Arsenic, Bromine
Sulfur
Phosphorus
Oxygen
Nitrogen
Carbon
Hydrogen
Trace
1.0%
65.0%
3.3%
18.5%
9.56%
3.0%
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• Percentage of SPONCH elements in living things.
•
•
•
•
•
•
S.
P.
O.
N.
C.
H.
•
Other (Trace)
•
Sulfur, Sodium, Magnesium, Copper, Zinc, Selenium, Molybdenum, Fluorine,
Chlorine, Iodine, Manganese, Cobalt, Iron Lithium, Strontium, Aluminum, Silicon,
Lead, Vanadium, Arsenic, Bromine
Sulfur
Phosphorus
Oxygen
Nitrogen
Carbon
Hydrogen
Trace
1.0%
65.0%
3.3%
18.5%
9.56%
3.0%
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• Percentage of SPONCH elements in living things.
•
•
•
•
•
•
S.
P.
O.
N.
C.
H.
•
Other (Trace)
•
Sulfur, Sodium, Magnesium, Copper, Zinc, Selenium, Molybdenum, Fluorine,
Chlorine, Iodine, Manganese, Cobalt, Iron Lithium, Strontium, Aluminum, Silicon,
Lead, Vanadium, Arsenic, Bromine
Sulfur
Phosphorus
Oxygen
Nitrogen
Carbon
Hydrogen
Trace
1.0%
65.0%
3.3%
18.5%
9.56%
3.0%
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• Percentage of SPONCH elements in living things.
•
•
•
•
•
•
S.
P.
O.
N.
C.
H.
•
Other (Trace)
•
Sulfur, Sodium, Magnesium, Copper, Zinc, Selenium, Molybdenum, Fluorine,
Chlorine, Iodine, Manganese, Cobalt, Iron Lithium, Strontium, Aluminum, Silicon,
Lead, Vanadium, Arsenic, Bromine
Sulfur
Phosphorus
Oxygen
Nitrogen
Carbon
Hydrogen
Trace
1.0%
65.0%
3.3%
18.5%
9.56%
3.0%
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• Percentage of SPONCH elements in living things.
•
•
•
•
•
•
S.
P.
O.
N.
C.
H.
•
Other (Trace)
•
Sulfur, Sodium, Magnesium, Copper, Zinc, Selenium, Molybdenum, Fluorine,
Chlorine, Iodine, Manganese, Cobalt, Iron Lithium, Strontium, Aluminum, Silicon,
Lead, Vanadium, Arsenic, Bromine
Sulfur
Phosphorus
Oxygen
Nitrogen
Carbon
Hydrogen
Trace
1.0%
65.0%
3.3%
18.5%
9.56%
3.0%
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• Percentage of SPONCH elements in
living things.
•
•
•
•
•
•
S.
P.
O.
N.
C.
H.
Sulfur
Phosphorus
Oxygen
Nitrogen
Carbon
Hydrogen
Trace
1.0%
65.0%
3.3%
18.5%
9.56%
•
Other (Trace)
•
Sulfur, Sodium, Magnesium, Copper, Zinc, Selenium, Molybdenum, Fluorine,
Chlorine, Iodine, Manganese, Cobalt, Iron Lithium, Strontium, Aluminum, Silicon,
Lead, Vanadium, Arsenic, Bromine
3.0%
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
Percentage of SPONCH elements in living
things.
•
•
•
•
•
•
S.
P.
O.
N.
C.
H.
Sulfur
Phosphorus
Oxygen
Nitrogen
Carbon
Hydrogen
Trace
1.0%
65.0%
3.3%
18.5%
9.56%
•
Other (Trace)
•
Sulfur, Sodium, Magnesium, Copper, Zinc, Selenium, Molybdenum, Fluorine,
Chlorine, Iodine, Manganese, Cobalt, Iron Lithium, Strontium, Aluminum, Silicon,
Lead, Vanadium, Arsenic, Bromine
3.0%
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• Activity! Please complete an animal
graph of the data you have just gathered.
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• Activity! Please complete an animal
graph of the data you have just gathered.
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• Activity! Please complete an animal
graph of the data you have just gathered.
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• Activity! Please complete an animal
graph of the data you have just gathered.
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• Activity! Please complete an animal
graph of the data you have just gathered.
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• Activity! Please complete an animal
graph of the data you have just gathered.
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• We now know what SPONCH is, what
do you think the SPONCH CaFe is?
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
The next most important elements for
life.
– Ca= Calcium
– Fe= Iron
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• SPONCH molecules make
– Carbohydrates (CHO) 1:2:1
– Protein (SONCH)
– Lipids (fat) (CH with a few O)
– Nucleic Acids DNA (SPONCH)
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• SPONCH molecules make
– Carbohydrates (CHO) 1:2:1
– Protein (SONCH)
– Lipids (fat) (CH with a few O)
– Nucleic Acids DNA (SPONCH)
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• SPONCH molecules make
– Carbohydrates (CHO) 1:2:1
– Protein (SONCH)
– Lipids (fat) (CH with a few O)
– Nucleic Acids DNA (SPONCH)
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• SPONCH molecules make
– Carbohydrates (CHO) 1:2:1
– Protein (SONCH)
– Lipids (fat) (CH with a few O)
– Nucleic Acids DNA (SPONCH)
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
Carbohydrates
• Function = fuel supply…ENERGY!
Carbohydrates (sugars) SPONCH
Carbon
Hydrogen
Oxygen
Glucose
Monomers
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
Carbohydrates
Function (use):
•Main source of energy
•Structural purposes
(plants only…cellulose)
Carbohydrates
Simple
Complex
Monosaccharides
Polysaccharides
Fructose, Glucose
(Fruit and Sugar)
Starch, Cellulose
(Grains, Plant Cell Walls)
• 1:2:1 ratio for carbon, hydrogen, oxygen.
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• Common sugars tend to end in “ose”
Ex –glucose.
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• Can you find the sugar below?
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• Answer: Fructose
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
The Glucose Song.
– What are some the functions of
sugar to the human body described
in the song / video?
– http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jJvAL-iiLnQ
• Cellulose: The Cell Walls in plants.
– Strong sugar woven sugar that allows plants
to be very tall.
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• Chitin – Insect exoskeleton
• Starch is a complex sugar
– (longer lasting energy)
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• Activity! Making Saltine Man / Women.
– Add drops of diluted iodine in water onto
the Saltine to make a face.
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• Activity! Making Saltine Man / Women.
– Add drops of diluted iodine in water onto
the Saltine to make a face.
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• Activity! Testing for the presence of
starch.
– Iodine turns black when in the presence of
starch.
– Draw a picture of each test tube and make a
prediction as to which one contains starch.
– Test the samples on your tray with one drop of
Iodine. Which have starch and which do not?
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• There are two types of sugars
––-
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• Simple Sugars: Broken down quickly.
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• Complex Sugars:
– Starch / Fiber / Glycogen / Cellulose /
Chitin.
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• Starch is a major component of
bread.
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• Starch is a major component of
bread.
– We can find starch in breads and pasta,
vegetables, and tubers like potatoes
and yams.
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• Candy bars have lots of simple sugars
such as glucose and fructose.
• Which picture represents simple
sugars?
• Which picture represents simple sugars?
What types of food should you eat
before an athletic event?
– The night before vs. game time.
– Should you eat the same things,
different, talk it over and explain.
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
Answer: Simple sugars such as a candy bar or
sugar drink will give you quick short burst of
energy, while complex sugars such as starch
are longer lasting energy but require more time
to break down.
• Answer: Simple sugars such as a candy bar or
sugar drink will give you quick short burst of
energy, while complex sugars such as starch are
longer lasting energy and require more time to
break down.
• Simple sugars can be broken down
quickly for short energy, Complex
sugars have more energy, but it
takes longer to break them down.
• Eat Complex the night before, more
simple during the event.
– A spaghetti dinner during halftime won’t
help you.
– A candy bar the night before won’t help
you.
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
Types of sugars
• Sucrose = Glucose +
Fructose
• Lactose = Glucose +
Galactose
• Maltose = Glucose +
Glucose
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
Types of sugars
• Sucrose = Glucose +
Fructose
• Lactose = Glucose +
Galactose
• Maltose = Glucose +
Glucose
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
Types of sugars
• Sucrose = Glucose +
Fructose
• Lactose = Glucose +
Galactose
• Maltose = Glucose +
Glucose
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
Types of sugars
• Sucrose = Glucose +
Fructose
• Lactose = Glucose +
Galactose
• Maltose = Glucose +
Glucose
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• Monosaccharide: One sugar
– Glucose / Fructose.
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• Monosaccharide: One sugar
– Glucose / Fructose.
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• Disaccharides – two sugars.
– Lactose, Sucrose.
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• Disaccharides – two sugars.
– Lactose, Sucrose.
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• Polysaccharides: Many sugars linked together.
– Complex Sugars.
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• Polysaccharides: Many sugars linked together.
– Complex Sugars.
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• Glycogen: The storage form of glucose, comes
from starch in plants.
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• Which is a monosaccharide, disaccharide,
polysaccharide?
• Which is a monosaccharide, disaccharide,
polysaccharide?
• Which is a monosaccharide, disaccharide,
polysaccharide?
• Which is a monosaccharide, disaccharide,
polysaccharide?
• Which is a monosaccharide, disaccharide,
polysaccharide?
Carbohydrates: Monomers
• Monomer is “monosaccharide”
• C:H:O is 1:2:1 ratio
• Monomers are “useable” form of energy
Carbohydrates: Polymers
• Called “polysaccharides”
Glycogen
Starch
Cellulose
Lipids
• Hydrophobic!
– Cell
membranes
– Energy storage
– Messengers
Lipids: Monomers
• Called “fatty acids”
Lipids: Polymers
Triglyceride
Phospholipid
glyceride
glyceride
glyceride
Fatty Acid
Fatty Acid
Fatty Acid
Fatty Acid
Fatty Acid
Protein
• Function: Many!
– Structural (make hair, nails, muscle, etc)
– Enzymes (lower activation energy to make
reactions easier)
– Defense proteins in the blood
Protein: Monomer
• Called “amino acid”—there are 20 types
• 3 parts
• Amino group
• Carboxyl group
• Side chain (makes each amino acid unique)
Protein: Polymer
• Called the “polypeptide”
• A lot of amino acids linked together via peptide
bonds
Nucleic Acids
• Function: To store and transfer all information
within a cell and within an organism.
• It is the basis of “GENETICS”
• It tells how a cell or organism built and
programmed.
Nucleic Acids: Monomer
• Called “nucleic acids”
• 3 parts:
• Phosphate group
• Pentose Sugar
• Nitrogenous Base (A,T, G, C) : makes 4 types!
Nucleic Acids: Polymer
• DNA
• The instruction
manual on how
the cell/organism
is built.
 RNA
 The person who reads
the instructions and
works to build it.