Transcript DNA RNA - PHA Science

Bio 9A: Friday, 2.26.10
Title: RNA Structure and Function
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Homework:


Do Now:


Read pages 302-306 in the textbook. Take active reading notes, paying attention
to important vocabulary terms and to the following purpose questions:
 How does the genetic code work?
 What are the steps of translation?
How is the function of RNA different from the function of DNA?
Today’s Objectives:
Describe the major structural differences between DNA and RNA
 Differentiate between structure and function differences between
the types of RNA

GENE EXPRESSION:
USING DNA TO MAKE
PROTEINS
PHA Biology 9
Moretti and Dickson
Overview: Using DNA to Make Proteins
DNA
RNA
Protein
Trait
(Modifies and shapes the protein)
Protein being
formed at
Ribosome
Ribosome
Protein
Protein could go to membrane to be released
into blood stream
DNA
RNA
RNA
(Holds genetic
information)
(Copies genetic from DNA and carries it to the
Ribosome to make proteins)
Overview: Using DNA to Make Proteins
DNA
• Stays in the nucleus
• Copies itself and
gets passed on to
new cells
• Holds instructions for
making proteins
RNA
Protein
• Made in the nucleus
and goes to the
cytoplasm
• Uses DNA
instructions to make
proteins
• Used as body
structures
(muscle, bone,
skin, hair),
enzymes,
transporters,
hormones, etc.
Trait
• Observable
characteristic
RNA Structure:
How is RNA different from DNA?
DNA



Double strand
Bases: A, T, G, C
Deoxyribose
RNA



Single strand (can
form different shapes)
U instead of T (A, U,
G, C)
Ribose sugar
Objectives for Class:
• Describe the major structural differences between DNA and RNA
• Differentiate between structure and function differences between the types of RNA
RNA Structure: Base Pairing

4 Nitrogen Bases in RNA:
 Adenine
 Guanine
 Uracil
 Cytosine

DNA  RNA Base Pairing:
A ---- U
T ---- A
C ---- G
G ---- C
Objectives for Class:
• Describe the major structural differences between DNA and RNA
• Differentiate between structure and function differences between the types of RNA
Three Types of RNA:



mRNA = messenger RNA
tRNA = transfer RNA
rRNA = ribosomal RNA
Messenger RNA (mRNA)

Basic Structure:
Single Strand of RNA
 Small enough to leave the
nucleus. DNA is too big!


Basic Function



Make a copy of DNA instructions
to make a protein
Takes instructions to Ribosome
Every 3 bases is a Codon (info for
one amino acid)
Objectives for Class:
• Describe the major structural differences between DNA and RNA
• Differentiate between structure and function differences between the types of RNA
Transfer RNA (tRNA)

Basic Structure:




Coiled RNA strand (3-leaf clover)
Amino Acid attached to the top
Anti-codon on the bottom
Basic Function:

Transfer amino acids to the
ribosome to make a protein

Anti-codon on tRNA matches/
reads codon on mRNA
Objectives for Class:
• Describe the major structural differences between DNA and RNA
• Differentiate between structure and function differences between the types of RNA
Types of RNA: Transfer RNA (tRNA)
Objectives for Class:
• Describe the major structural differences between DNA and RNA
• Differentiate between structure and function differences between the types of RNA
Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

Basic Structure:
 RNA
strand twisted/coiled up
to form a ribosome

Basic Function:
 Acts
like an enzyme to bond
amino acids together into long
chains (proteins!)
Bio 9A: Tuesday, 3.2.10
Title: Transcription & Translation

Homework:


Do Now:
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Write 2 paragraphs explaining transcription & translation. For each
process, explain:
 The purpose
 Where it takes place
 The steps and materials involved
 The end result
What is the difference between transcription & translation?
Today’s Objective:

Describe the purpose and steps of transcription and translation
Overview: Using DNA to Make Proteins
Transcription: The process
of making RNA by
copying DNA
DNA
Translation: The process
of using info in RNA to
make proteins
RNA
Objectives for Class:
•Describe the purpose and major steps of transcription
•Describe the purpose and major steps of translation
Protein
Trait
Transcription:
DNA
(the red &
green strands)
mRNA
(the orange strand)
Objectives for Class:
• Describe the major structural differences between DNA and RNA
• Differentiate between structure and function differences between the types of RNA
Transcription Details

Overview:



Steps:
1.
2.
3.

A DNA gene is copied in the form of
mRNA
Occurs in the nucleus
RNA Polymerase separates (unzips) DNA
strands
RNA Polymerase makes RNA by
matching complementary nucleotides
with the DNA strand
mRNA leaves nucleus and DNA winds
back up!
Final Result: mRNA copy of a gene
Objectives for Class:
•Describe the purpose and major steps of transcription
•Describe the purpose and major steps of translation
mRNA
Video link: 17_13ProteinSynthesis.mpg
Review: 3 Types of RNA
Type of RNA
Basic Function
Messenger RNA (mRNA) Carry a copy of protein-making
instructions to the ribosome
Transfer RNA (tRNA)
Carry amino acid to the ribosome
Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
Part of the ribosome (helps bond
amino acids together)
Objectives for Class:
•Describe the purpose and major steps of transcription
•Describe the purpose and major steps of translation
Codons & AntiCodons

Codon


3 base sequence on
mRNA that specifies a
single amino acid to be
added to the polypeptide
(protein)
Anticodon

3 base sequence on
tRNA that are
complimentary to the
mRNA codon
mRNA
Objectives for Class:
•Describe the purpose and major steps of transcription
•Describe the purpose and major steps of translation
Anticodon
t
R
N
A
t
R
N
A
Codon
The Genetic Code

The 64 Codons that code for Amino Acids
Objectives for Class:
•Describe the purpose and major steps of transcription
•Describe the purpose and major steps of translation
Transcription & Translation
Transcription
Objectives for Class:
•Describe
Translation
Transcription and Translation: Video

Transcription and Translation Video:
17_13ProteinSynthesis.mpg
Objectives for Class:
•Describe the purpose and major steps of transcription
•Describe the purpose and major steps of translation
Translation Details
Overview:



The gene sequence in mRNA is translated into
a chain of amino acids that forms a protein
Occurs at the ribosome
Steps:
1. mRNA enters the ribosome
2. tRNA molecules bring amino acids to the
ribosome
3. tRNA anticodons match with mRNA
codons to put amino acids in the right
order


4.

According to the Genetic Code
Ribosome connects the amino acids into a
long chain
Final Result: A polypeptide (protein)
Objectives for Class:
•Describe the purpose and major steps of transcription
•Describe the purpose and major steps of translation
Translation
Growing
protein chain
mRNA strand
Objectives for Class:
•Describe the purpose and major steps of transcription
•Describe the purpose and major steps of translation
Ribosome
Bio 9A: Thursday, 3.4.10
Title: Transcribe and Translate a Gene Computer Lab

Homework:


Double Block
Complete Part I of the Genetic Mutations Activity
Do Now:
 Read
the half sheet of paper and answer the questions
 Sign into a computer and turn around with your back to the
computers to wait for your next instructions.

Today’s Objectives:
 Use
the steps of transcription and translation to turn a section
of DNA into a protein.
 Explore the effects of genetic mutations on proteins
Today’s Agenda:

Period 6:
 Complete
Part 1 of the Computer-Based Lab
 Begin Part 2 (on separate sheet of paper, not using the
computer)

Period 7:
 Move
back to 102
 Finish Part 2 of the Lab and hand it in
 Begin the Genetic Mutations packet – Finish at least
Part 1 by tomorrow at the beginning of class.
Objectives for Class:
•Use the steps of transcription & translation to turn a DNA sequence into a protein
• Explore the effects of genetic mutations on proteins
Transcribe and Translate a Gene Computer Lab
Procedure:







Log onto http://gslc.genetics.utah.edu/units/basics/transcribe/
Scroll down to the middle of the homepage and click on the link
entitled “Are you ready to transcribe a DNA sequence and
translate it into a protein?”
A DNA sequence should appear on the screen. Transcribe the
DNA strand by entering the corresponding RNA bases for the
original strand. The new mRNA strand will now appear on the
screen.
Locate the “start” codon and click on it with your mouse. The
mRNA sequence will now move to the top of the field and a
flashing box will appear around the “start” codon.
Using the “Universal Genetic Code” to the right, find the amino
acid that corresponds with the three-base mRNA codon. Click on
the appropriate amino acid and drag it to the corresponding
mRNA codon (signaled by the flashing box). Repeat until the
mRNA sequence has been Translated.
Answer the Review and Analysis questions for Part I as you
complete the lab.
Answer the Review and Analysis questions for Part II after the
computer portion of the lab is completed.
Transcription
Objectives for Class:
• Use the steps of transcription and translation to turn a section of DNA into a protein.
Translation
Bio 9A: Friday, 3.5.10
Title: Genetic Mutations Day 1 – Types of Mutations

Homework:
Analysis Questions on Genetic Mutations Packet – due Monday
 Quiz next TUESDAY!


Do Now: (in your notebook)
 What
is the definition of a mutation?
 How was your description of a genetic mutation similar to
what a mutation actually is?

Today’s Objective:
 Describe
the major differences between substitution and
frame-shift mutations
Gene Mutations Activity: Part I Review

What is a Genetic Mutation?
A

change in the base-pair sequence of DNA
The three types of point mutations:
 substitution
(switch one DNA nucleotide for another)
 insertion (add an extra nucleotide into the DNA
sequence)
 deletion (leave out one nucleotide in the DNA sequence)
Objectives for Class:
•Describe the major differences between substitution and frame-shift mutations
Agenda for Class:


Finish Part II of the Genetic Mutations packet (by 2:45
pm)
If you finish early:
Answer the Analysis Questions (this is the HW for tonight)
 Work on something for another class
 Prepare for Tuesday’s quiz by…

Answering all questions on the review sheet
 Completing the practice multiple choice questions
Turning in either of these assignments, fully completed, will count for a
small extra HW grade.


At 2:45 pm we will stop and have a class discussion
about the Genetic Mutations packet!
Objectives for Class:
•Describe the major differences between substitution and frame-shift mutations
Gene Mutations Activity Part II

Part II Review:

Original DNA Sequence
Objectives for Class:
•Describe the major differences between substitution and frame-shift mutations
Gene Mutations Activity Part II

Substitution Mutations
 Original DNA Sequence

Substitution
Changes the
Amino Acid

Substitution/ Silent Mutation
Does not
Change the
Amino Acid
Objectives for Class:
•Describe the major differences between substitution and frame-shift mutations
Gene Mutations Activity Part II

Frame-Shift Mutations
 Original DNA Sequence

Frame-Shift: Deletion of nucleotide
Changes all
Amino Acid
after mutation

Frame-Shift: Insertion/ Addition of nucleotide
Changes all
Amino Acid
after mutation
Objectives for Class:
•Describe the major differences between substitution and frame-shift mutations
Bio 9A: Monday, 3.8.10
Title: Genetic Mutations Day 2 – Sickle Cell Case Study

Homework:
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

Do Now:
1.
2.

Study for tomorrow’s QUIZ
Start typing the background info section of your Sickle Cell Lab Report (this
section is due Thursday)
Based on the Mutation packet analysis questions, what is a
FRAME-SHIFT mutation? Why is it called “frame-shift?”
What do you know about sickle cell anemia? Brainstorm anything
you have heard, or could guess, about what this disease is.
Today’s Objective:

Brainstorm and organize the background information necessary to
successfully explain what sickle cell anemia is and how it is caused.
Lab: Sickle Cell and Genetic Mutations
A Case Study of Sickle Cell Disorder
 Read through the Introduction to the lab.
 Watch 5 minute video on sickle cell disorder

PBS Evolution Library: A Mutation Story


http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/evolution/library/01/2/l_012_02.html
In small groups brainstorm the Background Information
needed for this lab

You should have 2 parts:
1.
2.

General genetics background info
Info related to sickle cell anemia
Come back together as a class to brainstorm final list
Objectives for Class:
• Brainstorm and organize the background information necessary to successfully explain what sickle cell anemia is and
how it is caused.
Lab: Sickle Cell and Genetic Mutations
Background Information Brainstorm
Genetics Topics:
•
Sickle Cell Topics:
•
Bio 9B: Tuesday, 3.9.10
Title: Quiz – Transcription, Translation, and Mutations
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Homework:


Do Now:


Type the Background Information section of your lab report for
Thursday. (NOTE: completed lab reports are due Friday at the start
of class. You will have time to work on it during Thursday’s class, but
if you need more time/ don’t have access to a computer at home,
please make arrangements now to complete the lab Thursday after
school)
Clear your desks and get ready to take the quiz…
Today’s Objective:

Demonstrate your understanding of how the processes of
transcription and translation create proteins from the genetic
code on DNA
Bio 9B: Thursday, 3.11.10
Title: Genetic Mutations Day 3 – Sickle Cell Case Study

Homework:


Complete the Procedure, Analysis and Conclusion sections of your lab
report. Completed lab report with all sections is due tomorrow, Friday,
at the start of class!!!!
Do Now:


Today’s Objective:
Analyze the DNA sequence for the sickle cell gene and the
normal gene to determine how DNA is mutated to result in sickle
cell anemia
 Complete the Sickle Cell Mutation Lab Report

First Half of Double Block
Lab: Sickle Cell and Genetic Mutations
A Case Study of Sickle Cell Disorder
 Analyze the DNA sequence for the sickle cell gene and
the normal gene by transcribing and translating them.
 Compare the sickle cell gene to the normal gene
 Complete the analysis and conclusion sections of the lab
report.
Objectives for Class:
• Analyze the DNA sequence for the sickle cell gene and the normal gene to determine how DNA is mutated to result
in sickle cell anemia
• Complete the Sickle Cell Mutation Lab Report
Second Half of Double Block
Lab: Sickle Cell and Genetic Mutations
Individual Work Time…

Two Options:
1.
Type Analysis and Conclusion sections of lab report and
revise your other sections
2.
Guided peer review of Background Information section
Objectives for Class:
• Analyze the DNA sequence for the sickle cell gene and the normal gene to determine how DNA is mutated to result
in sickle cell anemia
• Complete the Sickle Cell Mutation Lab Report