Transcript SOL Review Power Point Part 2

55. Machiavelli:
• Florentine statesman
who wrote The Prince
which advises rulers to
be good when possible,
but be evil when
necessary.
• The end justifies the
means.
56. Leonardo da Vinci:
• Italian Renaissance
artist who painted the
Mona Lisa and the Last
Supper.
• His use of shading
created mood and
depth in his paintings.
57. Michelangelo:
• Italian Renaissance
artist who sculpted the
David and painted the
Sistine Ceiling.
• He painted ideal forms
of religious subjects
based on classical Greek
and Roman art.
58. Petrarch:
• Italian Renaissance
humanist.
• He wrote classical Latin
and in the vernacular.
• His writings celebrated
human
accomplishments and
potential.
59. Erasmus:
• Northern renaissance
Christian humanist.
• He promoted reform of
the Catholic Church.
• He wrote The Praise of
Folly.
60. Sir Thomas Moore
• Northern Renaissance
Christian humanist.
• He wrote Utopia which
describes a perfect
society where there is
no war, money, greed,
or crime.
61. Johannes Gutenberg:
• Invented the printing
press in 1440.
• The first printing of the
Bible was in 1445.
• Ideas of the
Renaissance spread
quickly due to the
availability of books.
SOL Review
Places
(starting with #15)
1. Stonehenge
• Neolithic Structure in
Western England built
as a calendar or
religious site
2. Ancient Egypt
• Nile River Valley
civilization that created
the calendar, pyramid
and hieroglyphics
3. Mesopotamia
• Land between the Tigris
and Euphrates Rivers.
• Sumerian civilization
created the wheel,
plow, sail, ziggurats and
cuneiform
15. Athens
• Greek city-state on
Attica which reached its
Golden Age in the 440s
BC under Pericles.
• It created the first direct
democracy and
introduced philosophy
and classical theatre to
the world.
16. Peloponnesus
• Greek peninsula
controlled by Sparta
17. Dardanelles:
• Strait that led from the
Aegean Sea into the Sea
of Marmarma and into
the Black Sea.
• Control over this strait
may have caused the
Trojan War.
18. Troy:
• City-state on the coast
of Anatolia near the
Dardanelles.
19. Macedonia:
• Located just north of
Greece.
• Macedonia conquered
Greece in the late 300s
BC.
20. Marathon and Salamis:
• Battles during the
Persian Wars of the late
400s BC in which the
Greeks were victorious.
21. Parthenon:
• Temple to the goddess
Athena located on the
acropolis in Athens.
22. Rome:
• Capital of the Roman
Empire and of the Papal
States.
• The sack of Rome in 476
AD marks the beginning
of the Middle Ages.
23. Italian Peninsula
• Boot-shaped peninsula
that extends into the
Mediterranean.
• Home of the Roman
Republic, Roman
Empire, and of the
Renaissance.
24. Alps
• Mountain range that
separates and protected
the Italian peninsula
from northern Europe.
25. Carthage
• Phoenician city-state on
the North African coast
that rivaled Rome for
control of the
Mediterranean.
• Lost the Punic Wars to
Rome in the 2nd and 3rd
centuries BC.
26. Gaul:
• France.
• Conquered by Julius
Caesar by 50BC in the
Gallic Wars.
27. Byzantium:
• City on the Black Sea
that was a cross-roads
of trade between
Western Europe and
Asia.
28. Constantinople:
• Byzantium was
renamed for the
Emperor Constantine
who moved the capital
of the Roman Empire to
this city on the Black
Sea.
29. Hagia Sophia:
• East Orthodox church in
Constantinople that had
a dome supported on a
rectangular base.
30. Mecca & Medina
• Holy cities for Muslims.
• Located on the west
coast of the Arabian
Peninsula.
31. Dome of the Rock:
• Muslim mosque in
Jerusalem.
32. Monasteries and Convents:
• Retreats for monks and
nuns which became
centers of education
and welfare during the
Middle Ages.
33. Manor & Castle:
• Estate and fortified
home of the medieval
lords and vassals.
• Manors were selfsufficient estates.
34. Scandinavia
• Northern Europe
• In the Middle Ages
Vikings came from
Scandinavia and went
into Russia.
35. Kievan Russia
• On Dnieper River north
of the Black Sea
• Early Slavs and Vikings
settled there
• After they left it
became home to
Christians linked to the
Byzantine Empire
36. Trans-Saharan
• Trade routes across
north Africa where
mostly gold and salt
were traded
37. Ethiopian Highlands
• Sub-Saharan Africa near
the Nile River where
Christian Axum was
located.
38. Zambezi & Limpopo Rivers
• In sub-Saharan Africa
near the Indian Ocean
coast where the “Great
Zimbabwe” empire
developed.
39. Niger River & Sahara
• West Africa where
Ghana, Mali, & Songhai
empires developed and
the city of Timbuktu.
• Religion: Animism and
Islam
40. Timbuktu
• West Africa center of
trade and learning
• Near Niger River and
Sahara
41. Chichen Itza
• Located in Mexican &
Central American
rainforest
• Home to the Mayan
civilization
42. Tenochtitlan
• Arid valley in Central
Mexico
• Home to the Aztecs
43. Machu Pichu & Cusco
• Andes Mts. of South
America
• Home to the Incas
44. Paris
• France
• Hugh Capet established
his throne there.
45. Moscow
• Western Russia
• Ivan the Great threw off
the Mongols &
centralized power in
Moscow
46. London
• England (Anglo-Saxons)
• Many died by the
Plague which they tried
to contain by burning
the city
• This caused the London
fires for 4 days and 4/5
of the city was
destroyed
47. Aix-la-Chapelle:
• In Germany near the
Rhine River
• Palace of Charlemagne
• Center of his Frankish
Empire
48-50. Florence, Venice, Genoa
• Northern Italy
• Renaissance city-states
governed as republics
• Had access to trade
routes connecting
Europe w/ Middle East
markets
• Trade Centers
51. Milan
• Northern Italy on
Lombardy plains
• Renaissance city-states
governed as republics
• Main city of northern
Italy
• Trade Center
52. Islands of Japan:
• Close to China & Korea
• Archipelago (four main
islands)
• The Sea of Japan or East
Sea is between Japan
and Asia mainland
• Shinto & Buddhism
religions coexist there
SOL Review
Religion
Hinduism
• Founder: mix of Aryan and non-Aryan beliefs
and gods
• Beliefs: Caste system, many forms of one
major deity, Reincarnation, Karma
• Holy Text: Vedas, Upanishads
• Location: India
• Dates: 750 & 550 BC
Buddhism
• Founder: Siddhartha Gautama (Buddha)
• Beliefs: Four Noble Truths, Eightfold Path to
Enlightenment- Nirvana
• Holy Text: (Four Noble Truths)
• Location: India (Nepal) & spread to China,
Japan, and throughout Asia
• Dates: 563 BC
Judaism
•
•
•
•
•
Founder: Abraham
Beliefs: one God (monotheism) Yahweh
Holy Text: Torah, Ten Commandments (Moses)
Location: Jerusalem
Dates: 2000 BC
Christianity
• Founder: Jesus
• Beliefs: Jesus was the Messiah who was both
son of God and incarnation of God, life after
death, monotheism
• Holy Text: New Testament, Bible
• Location: Judea and spread to Rome by
apostle Paul
• Dates: around 29 AD
Islam
• Founder: Muhammad
• Beliefs: Muhammad was the last Prophet,
monotheism (Allah), 5 pillars of Islam,
acceptance of Judeo-Christian prophets
(Moses & Jesus)
• Holy Text: Quran (Koran)
• Location: across Asia & Africa, & into Spain
• Dates: 7th century AD
Confucianism
• Founder: Confucius
• Beliefs: humans are good not bad, respect for
elders, code of politeness still used in China
today, emphasis on education, ancestor
worship, yin/yang, bureaucracy
• Holy Text: Analects (his ideas recorded by his
students)
• Location: China
• Dates: 551 BC
Daoism (Taoism)
• Founder: Laozi
• Beliefs: Humility, simple life and inner peace,
harmony with nature, yin/yang
• Holy Text: Tao Te Ching “the way”
• Location: China
• Dates: 6th century BC
Shinto
• Founder: ?
• Beliefs: kami: natural features, forces of
nature, and ancestors, state religion;
worshipping the emperor, coexist with
Buddhism
• Holy Text: (kami)
• Location: unique to Japan
• Dates: Middle Ages (declined after WWII)