Transcript BIO - Webster Elementary School

Intro Video



A part of observational learning
Head Games
mirror neurons video

The chemical Message that goes between two
neurons.





Resting Potential
Action Potential
Refractory Period
All or None Principle
Threshold
Action Potential Video
Polarized State
Na – Sodium
K – Potassium
Resting potential
All +Na on the outside,
all –K on the inside
Action Potential
Depolarized State – Can’t fire again until it resets
When +Na goes in,
-K comes out
Refractory Period
When resetting

After a neuron fires it has more NT than it
needs…what happens.


1. Broken down by enzymes
Taken back up in first neuron (REUPTAKE)


Agonist – Speeds up NT, makes more
Antagonist – Slows down NT, makes less

Prozac – blocks reuptake
Prozac Commercial (Sad Oval)
Sad oval


Antidepressants – prevent breakdown
Cocaine – Blocks reuptake of Dopamine

Addiction



Mimics NT
Benzodiazepines (Tranquilizers) – Makes
GABA bind more
Alcohol – makes GABA bind more - why you
get sleepy. Alcohol is a depressant.
Slows down NT from 1st neuron

Many drugs do lots of things








Excitatory – causes depolarization and
promotes action potential
Vital to learning and memory
Muscle control
Curare – paralyzes animal (blocks Ach)
Botox
Black widow spider – to much
Botulism – blocks
Alzheimer's Disease

Inhibitory – Depresses Action potential
Governs motor control
Too little – Parkinson’s
Excess – Schizophrenia
Reward pathway – feel good NT
Cocaine increases Dopamine

When in Doubt, Dopamine it out







Too little – Depression
Too much – agitation and insomnia




Regulates sleep (think melatonin which is a
hormone)
Also arousal, mood, anxiety, OCD, possible
suicide link
Prozac – increases serotonin
Drink warm milk – has amino acids to produce






Improves signal precision to a point (fine
motor skills)
Suppresses anxiety – Alcohol
Huntington’s disease
Valium increases GABA
Best known inhibitory NT
When you go hunting, don’t GABA
(you’ll scare away the animals)

Too much – migraines and seizures (why
people avoid MSG in foods)
Too much – ALS (Lou Gehrig’s Disease)
Lack of – negative symptoms of Schizophrenia

toxic to neurons too much kills them (ALS)







Released in response to pain or exercise
(runners high)
Similar to opiates like heroin and morphine –
pain reduction and pleasure
NT that allows hibernation – slows heart rate,
respiration, and metabolism
Many overdoses caused by too much
Addiction – if use opiates body may stop
making on own

FLIP - Neurotransmitters (8 minutes)
HW
 Nervous System Quiz tomorrow – can
use notes you take
 Do NT matching in packet (pg 8)
 Fill in Blanks for parts (pg 10-11)
 Term Quiz Monday 1-35

Anyone have $$ for candy neurons?



Medulla – Heart rate breathing
Pons – attention and sleep
Cerebellum – balance and coordination


Procedural Memory
“Little Brain”



Reticular Activating System, RAS, Reticular
Formation
What’s Important!!! – Makes decisions
Leads into the Thalamus

Thalamus – all sensation minus smell

Relay station

Important for learning, memory and emotions
Motivation, emotion, hunger
 The 4 Fs of the Hypothalamus
 Starts Endocrine System
 Lateral hypothalamus
 Ventromedial hypothalamus


Amygdala



Rage and fear
Instant Rage
Hippocampus

Converts short term to long term memory

Large area that contains cerebral cortex



Outer inch or so of the brain
“thinking area”
Contains association areas

Wernicke's and Broca’s


Lobe song
Parts Song




Controlled by the Hypothalamus
Master Gland
Growth
Oxytocin – mothering/bonding
hormone





Thyroxin
Metabolism
Too much – weight loss,
hyperactivity, inability to
sleep
Too little – over weight,
checked in infants
Suicide


Cortical (Stress) Steroids
Fight or Flight Hormone


Releases Melatonin
Controlled by Sun and Retina


Insulin – too little – diabetes Can’t brake down
Glucose in blood stream.
Too much hypoglycemia





Testosterone
Male sex hormone
Released – causes
male sex hormones to
grow
Muscle and bone
growth
Primary and
Secondary sex
characteristics




Estrogen and
Progesterone
Primary and
Secondary sex
hormones
Menstrual cycle
PMS


Association Areas
Broca’s



Needed for speech production
Left Frontal
Wernicke’s


Needed for speech understanding
Left temporal
Test Yourself – in packet
Video – Alan Alda

Phineas T. Gage


Done mostly in animals
We will watch a video where they do this
Typical MRI plus oxygen levels
through blood flow
Positron emission tomography
Radioactive Glucose


Genetically a boy – has internal testes
Has female anatomy - due to in utero lack of
testosterone???

Identical – monozygotic (100%)



100% - genotype NOT phenotype
Fraternal – dizygotic (50%)
Concordance rate – If one twin has it the rate
the other one does too.
Autism – 96% identical, 24% fraternal
 Schizophrenia – 50% identical, 15% fraternal


Born with a genetic potential, environment
determines where you end up.

Transmission of genes from parent to offspring.


XX – Female
XY – Male

More likely to have
ADHD, color blindness,
dyslexia, etc.



Down Syndrome – extra chromosome on 21st
pair
Tay sachs – 15th chromosome – missing an
enzyme to break down a lipid in body and
leads to nerve damage
Fragile X – abnormality to X chromosome