Transcript 15. Renaissance and Reformation.HWHx - herthel

March 10, 2014
Imagine that you have live in Florence, Italy
immediately following the Black Death. You
have survived, but many around you have
not. Describe your environment. How do you
feel?
Please turn in your
homework (Unit 4
Sneak Peak, #1-10)
and signed Progress
Report
The onset of the Black Death,
was described by Giovanni
Boccaccio (1313-1375)
Why did the Renaissance
occur?
The Renaissance
The Italian
Renaissance
1. The Italian Renaissance
a. Causes
i.
Increased trade with Asia and other regions as a result
of the Crusades
ii. Growth of large, wealthy city-states in Italy
iii. Renewed interest in the Classical learning of the
Ancient Greece and Rome
iv. Rise of rich and powerful merchants, who became
patrons of the arts
v. Increased desire for scientific and technical knowledge
vi. Desire to beautify cities
b. Humanism
i.
ii.
Scholars began to think about the characteristics of a
good education
Rhetoric, grammar, poetry, history, Latin and Greek
1.
Became known as the humanities and gave use to the
movement known as humanism
iii. Humanist emphasized individual accomplishment
iv. 3 writers who contributed to the movement
1.
2.
3.
Dante Alighieri
Giovianni Boccacio
Franceso Petrarch
c. Secular Writers
i.
Focus was secular- they had a worldly rather than a
spiritual focus
ii. Baldassare Castiglione
1.
Wrote “The Courtier”
a.
b.
Describes how
gentlemen and women
should act during the
Renaissance
Book suggests 4 ideas
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
Speak of serious
subjects as well as
amusing ones
Know Latin and
Greek
Well acquainted with
poetry and history
Be able to write prose
as well as poetry
iii. Niccolo Machiavelli
1.
2.
3.
Was a political
philosopher and
statesman
Experiences shaped his
view on how
governments should rule
Wrote “The Prince”
a.
b.
c.
Encourages harsh
treatment of citizens and
rival states
Advises rulers to
separate moral from
politics
Insists a ruler must do
whatever is necessary to
maintain power
d. Science
i.
Nicholas Copernicus
1.
2.
3.
Challenges the
church’s idea about
nature
Polish astronomer
Suggested that the
sun sat at the center of
the universe, orbited
by planets and stars
ii. Galileo Galilei
1. Italian astronomer
2. Wrote that the earth
orbited the sun
3. Placed under house
arrest by church
officials
e. Patrons
i.
The Medici
1.
2.
A wealthy, powerful
family that ruled
Florence and
supported the arts
Lorenzo de Medici
a.
Supported some of the
most talented artist of
the day
2. Italian Renaissance Artists
a. Leonardo da Vinci
i.
Was a painter, writer,
inventor, architect
engineer,
mathematician,
musician, and
philosopher
ii. Two famous paintings
1.
2.
The Mona Lisa
The Last Supper
iii. Recorded ideas for
building armored tank of
a flying machine
iv. Sketches of the human
anatomy
v. Designed and built
canals
vi. Developed a machine to
cut threads in screws
v. Designed the first
machine guns
b. Michelangelo
Buonarroti
i.
Two famous
sculptures
1.
Pieta
a.
2.
ii.
Communicated
themes of grief,
love, acceptance
and immorality
David
Sistine Chapel
1.
Scenes from the Old
Testament painted on
the ceiling
c. Raphael
i.
ii.
Renowned painter
and architect
“The School of
Athens”
1.
2.
Is a fresco (a painting
made on fresh moist,
plaster)
Shows Plato and
Aristotle surrounded
by philosophers from
the past and present
who were admired by
the humanists
d. Danoto Bramante
i.
Architect who
designed St. Peter’s
Basilica
The Northern
Renaissance
1. Northern Renaissance
a. Hanseatic League
i.
A merchant organization that controlled trade
throughout Northern Europe
1.
ii.
Helped ideas of the Italian Renaissance spread to the North
Artists who fled from Italy also helped spread ideas
b. Johannes Gutenburg
i.
Cast letters of the
alphabet onto metal
plates and locked plates
into a wooden press
ii. With this text could be
printed on both sides of
the paper
iii. 1st publication was the
Bible
iv. Explosion of printed
material quickly spread
Renaissance ideas
2. Philosophers and Writings
a. Erasmus
i.
Wrote about the need for
a pure and simple
Christian life, stripped
of the rituals and politics
of the church on earth
ii. Advised the education
of children
iii. Works would fan the
flames of the growing
discontent with the
Roman Catholic Church
iv. Works were later
censored and
condemned by the
Church
b. Sir Thomas More
i.
ii.
Wrote “Utopia”
Contains both
criticism of English
government and
society and a vision
of a perfect society
based on reason
c. William Shakespeare
i.
ii.
English playwright
Inspired by ancient
and contemporary
works of literature
iii. Plays helped spread
ideas of the
Renaissance to a mass
audience
d. Christine de Pisan
i.
ii.
Italian writer
Wrote “The City of
Women”
1.
She discusses different
views of women and
their role in society
iii. Championed equality
and education for
women
3. Artists
a. Albrecht Durer
i.
Used the Italian
techniques of realism
and perspective in his
own work
ii. Works exhibited
features unique to the
northern Renaissance
1.
Painted in oils
b. Jan van Eyck
i.
ii.
Focused on
landscapes and
domestic life
Fused the everyday
with the religious
through the use of
symbolism in
paintings
1.
A single candle or the
light streaming
through a window are
representations of
God's presence
Primary Source Analysis
• Map and Medici letter
Home Fun!
• Read "Faces of History" on pages 442 of your
textbook (or online textbook)
• Answer the questions on DaVinci and Michelangelo
• Due tomorrow
March 12, 2014
• Complete the Sneak Peek #11 – 17 using pages 447
– 454 from your text.
The Reformation
The Protestant
Reformation
1. The Protestant Reformation
a. Dissatisfaction with the Church
i.
ii.
Unhappy with taxes
Disapproved Indulgences
1.
2.
Approved by Pope Leo X
Indulgences were pardons issued by the pope that people
could buy to reduce a soul’s time in purgatory
iii. Disapproved other church practices
iv. Growth of Nationalism
1.
People became more loyal to their nation or state than to the
church
b. Early Reformers
i.
John Wycliffe
1.
2.
Born in England
around 1330
Believed the earth
should give up earthly
possessions
ii. Jan Hus
1. Born in Southern
Bohemia in 1370
2. Preached against the
immortality and
worldliness of the
Catholic Church
3. Was excommunicated
by Pope Gregory XII
4. Later arrested, tried
for heresy and burned
at the stake
Page 450
2. Martin Luther
a. Ninety-five Theses
i.
Luther denied that
Indulgences had any
power to remit sin
ii. Criticized the power of
the pope
iii. Criticized the wealth of
the Church
1.
2.
3.
Theses was intended for
church leaders
Nailing them to the door
was common practice
Intended to stimulate
discussion among the
intellectuals
b. Luther’s Message
i.
He contradicted basic Catholic belief when he insisted
that God’s grace cannot be won by good works
1.
ii.
Believed all that was needed was faith
Declared the only head of the Christian Church was
Jesus Christ
iii. Insisted that individual Christians should be their
own interpreters of the scripture
1. To prove this point, translated the Bible into German
iv. Christian practices should only come from the
Bible
c. Reactions to Luther
i.
ii.
1520, Pope Leo X excommunicated Luther
1521, Diet of Worms
1.
2.
Summoned to appear before the Holy Roman Emperor and
the German Assembly
Edict of Worms
a.
b.
Declared Luther an outlaw and condemned his writings
Did not prevent Luther’s ideas from spreading
iii. 1530, Lutheranism was formally recognized branch of
Christianity
3. Spread of Protestantism
a. Ulrich Zwingli
i.
ii.
Born in Switzerland
Preached ideas similar
to Luther, however his
reforms went even
further than Luther’s
iii. Established a church
based on the idea of a
theocracy
iv. Protestants and
Catholics went to war
over this
v. Zwingli died in battle in
1531
b. John Calvin
i.
ii.
Most important
Protestant reformer,
next Luther
Preached the doctrine
of predestination
1.
Holds that God knows
who will be saved
before people are
born, and therefore
guides the lives of
those destined for
salvation
iii. Took root in Geneva, Switzerland; city became a
theocracy
iv. Calvinist viewed people as sinful by nature and
enacted strict laws that regulated people’s behavior
v. In Geneva church attendance was mandatory
4. Protestantism spreads to
England
a. A King’s Protest
i.
Henry VIII
1.
2.
3.
Became king in 1509, at
the age of 17
Was a devout Catholic
1525, he asked for an
annulment
a.
b.
4.
His wife, Catherine of
Argon, had only
produced one child,
which was girl named
Mary
He did not believe she
would have a son
Pope would not agree to
the annulment
b. The Reformation Parliament
i.
ii.
Henry summoned the Parliament
Parliament declared that England no longer considered
itself under the authority of the pope
iii. Henry VII became the head of the Church of England
1.
He closed Catholic monasteries and convents and distributed
land among the nobles
iv. Henry married Anne Boleyn
1. Parliament declared that Henry’s marriage to Catherine
null and void
2. Anne gave Henry another daughter named Elizabeth
v. Parliament passed the Act of Supremacy in 1534
1. This required subjects to take an oath declaring Henry
VIII to be “Supreme Head of the Church of England”
c. Henry’s Heirs
i.
He had a total of six
wives
ii. Third, wife Jane
Seymore, gave Henry
a male heir, his
named, Edward VI
iii. Edward VI
1.
Took the throne in
1547 at the age of 9,
died before the age of
16
iv. Mary
1. Henry’s first daughter,
becomes Queen of
England
2. Returned England to
the authority of the
pope
3. Earned the title,
Bloody Mary, because
of how many people
she killed for their
protestant beliefs
d. Elizabeth’s Reign
i.
Elizabeth I
1.
2.
3.
1st act was the new
Supremacy Act of
1559
Persecuted anyone
who worshiped as
Catholic
Firmly established the
Church of England
Primary Source Analysis: 95
Theses
• In your small group, read the 95 Theses.
• Discuss the questions on the bottom. Each person
will be the scribe for 2 questions. (The entire group
will work on #9)
Return Unit 3 Test
March 13, 2014
1. How did England become a Protestant nation?
2. If Martin Luther had not posted his theses back in
1517, would the Reformation ever have
happened? Take a position on this question and
write a few sentences in support of that position.
The Counter
Reformation
1. Reforming the Catholic
Church
a. Early Reformers
i.
Girolano Savonarola
1.
2.
3.
4.
He preached against
the abuses of the
church
Called for churches to
melt their gold and
silver to buy bread for
the hungry and poor
members of the Church
Would eventually be
excommunicated
1498- He was executed
in Florence
b. Jesuits
i.
Their work renewed
the churches
emphasis on
spirituality and
service
ii. Their name means the
Society of Jesus
iii. Order was founded in
1534, by Ignatuis of
Loyola
1.
Approved by the pope
in 1539
iv. Emphasized obedience to the church above all else
v. Concentrated on education as a means to combat
the Protestant Reformation
1. Established missions, schools, and universities
c. The Council of Trent
i.
Convened by Pope Paul III in 1545
1.
ii.
Met off and on until 1563
Clarified Catholic teaching on important issues
1.
2.
3.
4.
Addressed the corruption of the clergy
Training of priests was regulated
Financial abuse curbed
Sales of indulgences abolished
iii. Rejected emphasis on self-discipline and
individual faith, made by the Protestants
1. Believed church could help believers achieve salvation
by using mystery and magnificent ceremonies to
inspire faith
iv. Pronouncements of the Council of Trent meant
that there would be no compromise between
Protestants and Catholics
d. Reforming Catholics
i.
Charles Barromeo
1.
2.
Archbishop of Milan
(1560-1584)
Took action to
implement reforms
ordered by the
council, i.e. built new
schools for the
education of priests
ii. Francis of Sales
1. Regained the district
of Savoy, that had
turned to Calvinism
2. Founded a religious
teaching order for
women
e. Women and the Church
i.
Women in religious orders began to take on more
active roles in the Church
ii. Teresa of Avila
1.
2.
3.
4.
Became a nun at the age of 20
Had her own strict rules regarding fasting, prayers and
sleep
Founded the Carmelite orders
Her reported visions of Christ and Catholic faith
inspired many to remain Catholic
f. The Inquisition
i.
Church court meant to counter the Reformation
1.
Court was called the Roman Inquisition (1542)
ii. Tried people accused on being Protestant
iii. Spanish monarchs set up the Spanish Inquisition in
1478, it was much hasher than the Roman Inquisition
1.
Imposed religious uniformity on converted Muslims, Jews
and later Protestants
iv. Index of Forbidden Books
1.
A list of books that the Church warned people not to read
2. Religious and Social Effects
a. Changes in Religion
i.
Catholicism spread elsewhere i.e. North America, this
was due mostly to the Jesuits
ii. Religious turmoil increased
iii. Martin Luther’s theses opened the door to religious
freedom
b. Persecution and Hysteria
i.
ii.
Both Jews and Muslims were forced to convert or
leave Spain
Jews moved into Southern and Eastern Europe
1.
In some places Jews were forced to live in a particular part of
the city called a ghetto
iii. People feared witchcraft
1.
2.
Accused people of practicing witchcraft
Penalty was death
c. Political Effects
i.
ii.
Rising sense of national identity
Protestant Reformation, indirectly encouraged the
formation of independent states and nations
3. Religious Wars and Unrest
a. Italian Wars
i.
1527, the Holy Roman
Emperor Charles V
sacked Rome
ii. 1558, the Italian Wars
ended
iii. Significance
1.
Credited with
expanding the Italian
Renaissance
throughout Europe
b. Conflicts among Germans
i.
1524, tens of thousands of Germans stormed castles
and monasteries
1.
Known as the Peasant's Rebellion
a.
Were unhappy with high taxes and lack of power
ii.
1546, Charles V began a war with the Lutheran
Princes of Germany
iii. War eventually waned and The Peace of Augsburg was
signed in 1555
1.
Allowed each prince to choose the religion that his subjects
would practice
c. Conflicts between
Religions
i.
ii.
Huguenots (French
Protestants) fought
against Catholics
Henry of Navarre
1.
2.
3.
He was a Huguenot
When he became king,
he brought stability to
France by converting to
Catholicism
1598, he issued the
Edict of Nantes
a.
Granted religious
freedom for
Huguenots
Renaissance and Reformation
MVPs
• Eye contact!
• Stay focused
• Classwork : take notes on the figures (will be
collected)