Transcript Biology Unit 2

Biology Unit 2 Macromolecules
Chapter 6.3
Macromolecules
 MACROMOLECULES: Large
molecules in groups containing
carbon atoms. Made up of
MONOMERS (small, singular
molecules, or a subunit)
Polymers are multiple monomers
Organic vs Inorganic Macromolecules
 Organic – Contains Carbon
 For example: Carbs, Proteins,
Lipids, Nucleic Acids
Inorganic – Doesn’t contain carbon
 For example: Water
Organic or Inorganic?
Organic or Inorganic?
Carbohydrates
 Contain 1 Carbon, 2 Hydrogen, and 1
Oxygen ratio (1:2:1 CHO)
 Simple Sugars aka. Monosaccharides
(single sugar) aka. Glucose C6H12O6
 The more sugar, the larger the
carbohydrate. We call that Complex
Carbs or Polysaccharides.
Carbohydrates
 QUICK ENERGY SOURCE FOR ALL CELLS
 Ring-shaped structure (either hexagon or
pentagon)
Examples of Carbs
 Starch – found in plants to store
food/energy in seeds and bulbs
 Example – potatoes, rice
 Glycogen – polysaccharide found in
animals to store energy
 Housed in the liver in mammals
 Cellulose – found in plants that provides
support and structure
Carbohydrates!
Lipids
 Contain Carbon, Hydrogen, and VERY
LITTLE oxygen
 Made up of two parts (subunits)
 Glycerol – 3 carbon chain that acts as a
backbone
 Fatty Acid Chain – 3 long chains that are
attached to each carbon separately.
Lipids
 INSOLUBLE! (doesn’t dissolve in water).
This is what allows them to form cell
membranes.
 LIPIDS STORE MORE ENERGY THAN
CARBS!
 Saturated fats only contain single bonds
where as unsaturated fats contain
double bonds.
Examples of Lipids
 Fats – found in animals to store energy,
provide protection and insulation, and build
cell membranes
 Oils – found in plants to store energy for later
use
 Waxes – found in BOTH plants and animals for
protection and structure
 Steroids – found in animals as a chemical
messenger
 Cholesterol – found in animals lubricates
cell membranes.
Lipids!
Proteins!
Proteins!
 Made of Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, and
Nitrogen (sometimes Sulfur)
 Made up of 20 different monomers called
Amino Acids
 Peptide Bonds hold together long chains
(polypeptide) of amino acids
 CODED FOR BY DNA!
Structure of Protein
 The number and sequence of amino acids determine
the shape of a protein
Protein Examples
 Structural Proteins
 Hair, fingernails, feathers, muscle fibers,
spider webs
 Functional Proteins - have a specific role to
carry out in a cell
 Hemoglobin – transports oxygen in your
blood
 Insulin – transports glucose to the cells for
energy
 Antibodies – fight off disease
Enzymes
 Enzymes – also called biological
catalysts. Speeds up chemical reaction.
 Dependent upon temperature, and pH
1. Enzymes start with active sites
2. Each substrate fits into the active site
3. The bond releases the new product
which can now be processed easier
4. The active site can be used again
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Proteins!
Nucleic Acids
 Contains the elements Carbon,
Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, and
Phosphorous
 Subunits are called nucleotides and
contain 3 parts
 Sugar group (pentagon or hexagon
shape)
 Phosphate group (circle)
 Nitrogenous base (square/rectangle)
Nucleic Acids
 Two examples are DNA
(deoxyribonucleic acid) and RNA
(ribonucleic acid)
 DNA stores all genetic information and
provides coded instructions
 RNA contains the sugar ribose and
decodes the information from the
DNA to make proteins in the cell
Nucleic Acids!