Transcript What is Health SCIENCE?

WHAT IS HEALTH SCIENCE?
• AN APPLIED SCIENCE THAT ADDRESSES THE USE OF SCIENCE,
TECHNOLOGY, ENGINEERING AND MATHEMATICS IN THE DELIVERY
OF HEALTHCARE.
• BIG IDEA OF THIS COURSE =
WEBSITE:
WHAT IS HEALTH SCIENCE?
• AN APPLIED SCIENCE THAT ADDRESSES THE USE OF SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, ENGINEERING
AND MATHEMATICS IN THE DELIVERY OF HEALTHCARE.
• BIG IDEA = THERE ARE MANY DIFFERENT FIELDS OF STUDY
AND CAREERS THAT CONTRIBUTE TO HEALTH SCIENCE
LOGANPETLAK.CA/HEALTH-SCIENCE-20
Micro = ?
Macro = ?
UNIT 1 - NUTRITION
HEALTH SCIENCE 20
OUTCOME(S): HS20-NU1 – ASSESS THE IMPORTANCE OF MICRO AND
MACROMOLECULES IN MAINTAINING A HEALTHY HUMAN.
BIOCHEMISTRY REVIEW
INDICATOR: ESTABLISH THE RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN DEHYDRATION SYNTHESIS AND DECOMPOSITION
REACTIONS IN RELATION TO THE MACRONUTRIENTS (E.G. GLUCOSE + FRUCTOSE = SUCROSE).
• WATER IS NEEDED BY ALL LIVING THINGS. FORMULA = H2O
• SLIGHTLY POLAR (DUE TO OXYGEN-HYDROGEN BONDING) – MANY SUBSTANCES
DISSOLVE INTO IT (LIKE SUGARS AND PROTEINS)
• POLARITY GIVES IT EFFECTS OF ADHESION (OTHER SURFACES) AND COHESION (ITSELF)
• NEEDS TO ABSORB A LOT OF ENERGY TO CHANGE TEMPERATURE (KEEPS WATER INSIDE
OF CELLS IN THE BODY SAFE).
• WATER IS IMPORTANT BECAUSE MANY NUTRIENTS CAN DISSOLVE INTO IT AND BE
TRANSPORTED THROUGHOUT OUR BODY.
BIOCHEMISTRY REVIEW
INDICATOR: ESTABLISH THE RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN DEHYDRATION SYNTHESIS AND DECOMPOSITION
REACTIONS IN RELATION TO THE MACRONUTRIENTS (E.G. GLUCOSE + FRUCTOSE = SUCROSE).
• WATER IS NEEDED BY ALL LIVING THINGS. FORMULA = H2O
• SLIGHTLY POLAR (DUE TO OXYGEN-HYDROGEN BONDING) – MANY SUBSTANCES DISSOLVE
INTO IT (LIKE SUGAR AND PROTEINS).
• POLARITY GIVES IT EFFECTS OF ADHESION (OTHER SURFACES) AND COHESION (ITSELF).
• NEEDS TO ABSORB A LOT OF ENERGY TO CHANGE TEMPERATURE (KEEPS WATER INSIDE OF
CELLS IN THE BODY SAFE).
MACROMOLECULES
INDICATOR: ESTABLISH THE RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN DEHYDRATION SYNTHESIS AND DECOMPOSITION
REACTIONS IN RELATION TO THE MACRONUTRIENTS (E.G. GLUCOSE + FRUCTOSE = SUCROSE).
• FOUR MAJOR MACROMOLECULES FOR ALL LIVING THINGS… TO LIVE.
• THEY ARE ALL ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (CONTAINING CARBON)
• WHAT DOES MACRO MEAN?
LARGE
FOUR MACROMOLECULES
1. __________________
2. __________________
3. __________________
4. NUCLEIC ACIDS
• _______________ ARE COMPOSED OF LARGER NUMBERS OF ATOMS AND IS TYPICALLY USED
INTERCHANGEABLY WITH THE TERM “POLYMER”. WATER WOULD BE CONSIDERED A _________________.
MACROMOLECULES
INDICATOR: ESTABLISH THE RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN DEHYDRATION SYNTHESIS AND DECOMPOSITION
REACTIONS IN RELATION TO THE MACRONUTRIENTS (E.G. GLUCOSE + FRUCTOSE = SUCROSE).
• FOUR MAJOR MACROMOLECULES FOR ALL LIVING THINGS… TO LIVE.
• THEY ARE ALL ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (CONTAINING CARBON)
• WHAT DOES MACRO MEAN?
LARGE
FOUR MACROMOLECULES
1. CARBOHYDRATES
2. LIPIDS (FATS)
3. PROTEINS
4. NUCLEIC ACIDS
• MACROMOLECULES ARE COMPOSED OF LARGER NUMBERS OF ATOMS AND IS TYPICALLY USED
INTERCHANGEABLY WITH THE TERM “POLYMER”. WATER WOULD BE CONSIDERED A
MICROMOLECULE.
MONOMERS VS POLYMERS
INDICATOR: ESTABLISH THE RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN DEHYDRATION SYNTHESIS AND DECOMPOSITION
REACTIONS IN RELATION TO THE MACRONUTRIENTS (E.G. GLUCOSE + FRUCTOSE = SUCROSE).
• MONOMER –
• POLYMER –
• LINKING OF MONOMERS IS CALLED _____________________.
MONOMERS VS POLYMERS
INDICATOR: ESTABLISH THE RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN DEHYDRATION SYNTHESIS AND DECOMPOSITION
REACTIONS IN RELATION TO THE MACRONUTRIENTS (E.G. GLUCOSE + FRUCTOSE = SUCROSE).
• MONOMER – A SINGLE (MONO) MOLECULAR UNIT THAT CAN COMBINE WITH OTHERS TO
CREATE LARGER MOLECULES/CHAINS. (NOTE: SOME MONOMERS CAN STILL BE CONSIDERED
“LARGE” MOLECULES). EX. SINGLE SUGAR MOLECULE
• POLYMER – A SERIES OF MONOMERS BONDED TOGETHER THROUGH DEHYDRATION
SYNTHESIS. EX. MANY SUGAR MOLECULES BONDED TOGETHER.
• LINKING OF MONOMERS IS CALLED POLYMERIZATION.
CREATION OF MACROMOLECULES
INDICATOR: ESTABLISH THE RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN DEHYDRATION SYNTHESIS AND DECOMPOSITION
REACTIONS IN RELATION TO THE MACRONUTRIENTS (E.G. GLUCOSE + FRUCTOSE = SUCROSE).
• ___________ REACTION AND/OR ___________ SYNTHESIS
___________ OF WATER TO ________ A NEW BOND
• ___________ AND/OR ___________ REACTION
___________ OF WATER TO _______ A BOND (BREAKING DOWN POLYMERS) AND
RELEASE ENERGY WITH THE HELP OF ENZYMES.
• DURING THE FORMATION OF THE SUGAR SUCROSE, WHICH IS TABLE SUGAR,
GLUCOSE AND FRUCTOSE COMBINE. IN THE CHEMICAL REACTION THE GLUCOSE
MOLECULE RELEASES A HYDROXIDE ION, OH-, AND THE FRUCTOSE MOLECULE
RELEASES A HYDROGEN ION, H+. THE OH- AND H+ IONS THAT ARE RELEASED
COMBINE TO PRODUCE A WATER MOLECULE = CONDENSATION REACTION.
IT IS IMPORTANT TO NOTE THAT OUR BODY’S MUST BREAK DOWN THE FOODS IT
EATS (POLYMERS BROKEN DOWN IN HYDROLYSIS) AS WELL AS CONSTRUCT NEW
POLYMERS FOR OUR BODIES TO USE (CONDENSATION REACTION)
CREATION OF MACROMOLECULES
INDICATOR: ESTABLISH THE RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN DEHYDRATION SYNTHESIS AND DECOMPOSITION
REACTIONS IN RELATION TO THE MACRONUTRIENTS (E.G. GLUCOSE + FRUCTOSE = SUCROSE).
• CONDENSATION REACTIONS AND/OR DEHYDRATION SYNTHESIS
REMOVAL OF WATER TO FORM A NEW BOND
• HYDROLYSIS AND/OR DECOMPOSITION REACTION
ADDING OF WATER TO BREAK A BOND (BREAKING DOWN POLYMERS) AND RELEASE
ENERGY WITH THE HELP OF ENZYMES.
• DURING THE FORMATION OF THE SUGAR SUCROSE, WHICH IS TABLE SUGAR,
GLUCOSE AND FRUCTOSE COMBINE. IN THE CHEMICAL REACTION THE GLUCOSE
MOLECULE RELEASES A HYDROXIDE ION, OH-, AND THE FRUCTOSE MOLECULE
RELEASES A HYDROGEN ION, H+. THE OH- AND H+ IONS THAT ARE RELEASED
COMBINE TO PRODUCE A WATER MOLECULE = CONDENSATION REACTION.
IT IS IMPORTANT TO NOTE THAT OUR BODY’S MUST BREAK DOWN THE FOODS IT
EATS (POLYMERS BROKEN DOWN IN HYDROLYSIS) AS WELL AS CONSTRUCT NEW
POLYMERS FOR OUR BODIES TO USE (CONDENSATION REACTION)
MONOMERS/POLYMERS
Macromolecule
Monomer
Polymer
Carbohydrates
Monosaccharides
Polysaccharides
Lipids
Fatty acids
N/A
Protein
Amino acids
Polypeptides
CARBOHYDRATES
INDICATOR: EXAMINE THE ROLE OF CARBOHYDRATES (MONOSACCHARIDES, DISACCHARIDES,
AND POLYSACCHARIDES) AS BEING THE MAIN SOURCE OF SHORT TERM ENERGY.
• ___________________________ AND STORAGE FOR HUMANS – HOW IS IT
USED? _________ (A HORMONE THAT BINDS WITH AND ALLOWS SUGAR TO
GO INTO CELLS). ONCE INSIDE, SUGAR’S BONDS ARE EASY TO BREAK (ENERGY
IS STORED IN THE BONDS)
THREE FORMS OF CARBS ARE MONO-, DI-, AND POLY-SACCHARIDES
• MONOMER = ______________ (GLUCOSE, FRUCTOSE, GALACTOSE)
_________ - ALL OF THESE HAVE THE SAME FORMULA, DIFFERENT STRUCTURE
CARBOHYDRATES
INDICATOR: EXAMINE THE ROLE OF CARBOHYDRATES (MONOSACCHARIDES, DISACCHARIDES,
AND POLYSACCHARIDES) AS BEING THE MAIN SOURCE OF SHORT TERM ENERGY.
• PRIMARY SHORT-TERM ENERGY SOURCE AND STORAGE FOR HUMANS –
HOW IS IT USED? INSULIN (A HORMONE THAT BINDS WITH AND ALLOWS
SUGAR TO GO INTO CELLS). ONCE INSIDE, SUGAR’S BONDS ARE EASY TO
BREAK (ENERGY IS STORED IN THE BONDS)
THREE FORMS OF CARBS ARE MONO-, DI-, AND POLY-SACCHARIDES
• MONOMER = MONOSACCHARIDE (GLUCOSE, FRUCTOSE, GALACTOSE)
ISOMERS - ALL OF THESE HAVE THE SAME FORMULA, DIFFERENT STRUCTURE
CARBOHYDRATES
INDICATOR: EXAMINE THE ROLE OF CARBOHYDRATES (MONOSACCHARIDES, DISACCHARIDES,
AND POLYSACCHARIDES) AS BEING THE MAIN SOURCE OF SHORT TERM ENERGY.
• CHEMICAL FORMULAS ARE MULTIPLES OF CH2O, COMPOSED OF THE ELEMENTS
• TWO MONOMERS = ________________ (SUCROSE – TABLE SUGAR OR LACTOSE)
• SEVERAL MONOMERS = POLYMER = ________________ – STARCH (BREAD, PASTA),
CELLULOSE (PLANT CELL WALLS), GLYCOGEN (QUICK ENERGY – HUNDREDS OF
GLUCOSE BONDED TOGETHER)
CARBOHYDRATES
INDICATOR: EXAMINE THE ROLE OF CARBOHYDRATES (MONOSACCHARIDES, DISACCHARIDES,
AND POLYSACCHARIDES) AS BEING THE MAIN SOURCE OF SHORT TERM ENERGY.
• CHEMICAL FORMULAS ARE MULTIPLES OF CH2O, COMPOSED OF THE ELEMENTS
CARBON, HYDROGEN, AND OXYGEN
• TWO MONOMERS = DISACCHARIDES (SUCROSE – TABLE SUGAR OR LACTOSE)
• SEVERAL MONOMERS = POLYMER = POLYSACCHARIDES – STARCH (BREAD, PASTA),
CELLULOSE (PLANT CELL WALLS), GLYCOGEN (QUICK ENERGY – HUNDREDS OF
GLUCOSE BONDED TOGETHER)
LIPIDS – CELL MEMBRANES AND HORMONE SYNTHESIS
INDICATOR: ESTABLISH THE CRUCIAL ROLE OF LIPIDS (E.G. SATURATED, UNSATURATED, TRANS FATS) IN
PROCESSES SUCH AS LONG TERM ENERGY STORAGE, SUPPORTING VITAMIN ABSORPTION, CREATING CELL
MEMBRANES, SYNTHESIZING HORMONES AND HDL VS LDL.
• LIPIDS – COMPOSED OF THEIR MONOMER ___________
THEY DON’T MIX WITH WATER – HYDROPHOBIC – LARGE
AND NONPOLAR – THIS ALLOWS IT TO STORE/TRANSPORT
NONPOLAR NUTRIENTS (CERTAIN VITAMINS)!
• LIPID MOLECULES HAVE A HIGHER RATIO OF _________
AND ____________ ATOMS TO ___________ ATOMS
THAN CARBOHYDRATES HAVE. MORE C,H THAN O
LIPIDS – CELL MEMBRANES AND HORMONE SYNTHESIS
INDICATOR: ESTABLISH THE CRUCIAL ROLE OF LIPIDS (E.G. SATURATED, UNSATURATED, TRANS FATS) IN
PROCESSES SUCH AS LONG TERM ENERGY STORAGE, SUPPORTING VITAMIN ABSORPTION, CREATING CELL
MEMBRANES, SYNTHESIZING HORMONES AND HDL VS LDL.
• LIPIDS – COMPOSED OF THEIR MONOMER FATTY ACIDS
THEY DON’T MIX WITH WATER – HYDROPHOBIC –
LARGE AND NONPOLAR – THIS ALLOWS IT TO
STORE/TRANSPORT NONPOLAR NUTRIENTS!
• LIPID MOLECULES HAVE A HIGHER RATIO OF CARBON
AND HYDROGEN ATOMS TO OXYGEN ATOMS THAN
CARBOHYDRATES HAVE. MORE C,H THAN O
LIPIDS – CELL MEMBRANES AND HORMONE SYNTHESIS
INDICATOR: ESTABLISH THE CRUCIAL ROLE OF LIPIDS (E.G. SATURATED, UNSATURATED, TRANS FATS) IN
PROCESSES SUCH AS LONG TERM ENERGY STORAGE, SUPPORTING VITAMIN ABSORPTION, CREATING CELL
MEMBRANES, SYNTHESIZING HORMONES AND HDL VS LDL.
• LIPIDS STORE ENERGY EFFICIENTLY. THEY HAVE LARGE NUMBERS OF
CARBON-HYDROGEN BONDS, WHICH STORE MORE ENERGY THAN
CARBON-OXYGEN BONDS COMMON IN OTHER ORGANIC
COMPOUNDS. EXAMPLES – FAT, BUTTER, CANOLA OIL, OLIVE OIL
• LIPIDS (FATS) FUNCTIONS - _______________________,
_______________________, CELL MEMBRANES,
_______________________
LIPIDS – CELL MEMBRANES AND HORMONE SYNTHESIS
INDICATOR: ESTABLISH THE CRUCIAL ROLE OF LIPIDS (E.G. SATURATED, UNSATURATED, TRANS FATS) IN
PROCESSES SUCH AS LONG TERM ENERGY STORAGE, SUPPORTING VITAMIN ABSORPTION, CREATING CELL
MEMBRANES, SYNTHESIZING HORMONES AND HDL VS LDL.
• LIPIDS STORE ENERGY EFFICIENTLY. THEY HAVE LARGE NUMBERS OF
CARBON-HYDROGEN BONDS, WHICH STORE MORE ENERGY THAN
CARBON-OXYGEN BONDS COMMON IN OTHER ORGANIC
COMPOUNDS. EXAMPLES – FAT, BUTTER, CANOLA OIL, OLIVE OIL
• LIPIDS (FATS) FUNCTIONS - LONG TERM ENERGY STORAGE (HELD
IN THE BONDS), VITAMIN ABSORPTION, CELL MEMBRANES,
HORMONE SYNTHESIS
LIPIDS
INDICATOR: ESTABLISH THE CRUCIAL ROLE OF LIPIDS (E.G. SATURATED, UNSATURATED, TRANS
FATS) IN PROCESSES SUCH AS LONG TERM ENERGY STORAGE, SUPPORTING VITAMIN
ABSORPTION, CREATING CELL MEMBRANES, SYNTHESIZING HORMONES AND HDL VS LDL.
• LONG TERM ENERGY STORAGE – LIPOCYTES, FOUND IN
ADIPOSE TISSUES, HOLD FAT: WHITE FAT, WHAT WE TRY TO
LOSE, AND BROWN FAT, BABY FAT THAT
GENERATES/INSULATES HEAT.
• VITAMIN ABSORPTION – SOME VITAMINS DISSOLVE IN
“POLAR” WATER (NEED TO BE REPLENISHED MORE
FREQUENTLY), THE REST CAN DISSOLVE INTO NONPOLAR
LIPIDS AND BE TRANSPORTED THROUGHOUT THE BODY
(LAST LONGER AS THEY ARE STORED IN FAT)!
LIPIDS
INDICATOR: ESTABLISH THE CRUCIAL ROLE OF LIPIDS (E.G. SATURATED, UNSATURATED, TRANS
FATS) IN PROCESSES SUCH AS LONG TERM ENERGY STORAGE, SUPPORTING VITAMIN
ABSORPTION, CREATING CELL MEMBRANES, SYNTHESIZING HORMONES AND HDL VS LDL.
• CHOLESTEROL – HOUSED IN HDL AND LDL, HIGH-DENSITY AND
LOW-DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS – USED FOR DEVELOPMENT OF
STEROID HORMONES AND FOR CELL MEMBRANES.
• CELL MEMBRANES – PROTECT CELLS
• HORMONES - STEROID HORMONES HELP CONTROL
METABOLISM, INFLAMMATION, IMMUNE SYSTEM FUNCTION,
SEXUAL CHARACTERISTICS AND OUR BODY’S SALT-WATER
BALANCE.
TYPES OF LIPIDS
INDICATOR: ESTABLISH THE CRUCIAL ROLE OF LIPIDS (E.G. SATURATED, UNSATURATED, TRANS
FATS) IN PROCESSES SUCH AS LONG TERM ENERGY STORAGE, SUPPORTING VITAMIN
ABSORPTION, CREATING CELL MEMBRANES, SYNTHESIZING HORMONES AND HDL VS LDL.
TYPES OF LIPIDS
• ____________________ – HAVE NO DOUBLE BONDS – ________ AT ROOM
TEMPERATURE • _______________________ – HAVE DOUBLE BONDS – ________ AT ROOM
TEMPERATURE
• _______________________– A TYPE OF SYNTHETIC UNSATURATED FATTY ACID –
RAISING LDL, LOWERING HDL
• FATTY ACID-BASED LIPIDS – TRIGLYCERIDES, PHOSPHOLIPIDS, WAX
• STEROIDS - RINGS – CHOLESTEROL, TESTOSTERONE
LIPIDS
INDICATOR: ESTABLISH THE CRUCIAL ROLE OF LIPIDS (E.G. SATURATED, UNSATURATED, TRANS
FATS) IN PROCESSES SUCH AS LONG TERM ENERGY STORAGE, SUPPORTING VITAMIN
ABSORPTION, CREATING CELL MEMBRANES, SYNTHESIZING HORMONES AND HDL VS LDL.
TYPES OF LIPIDS
• SATURATED – HAVE NO DOUBLE BONDS – SOLID AT ROOM TEMPERATURE • UNSATURATED – HAVE DOUBLE BONDS – LIQUID AT ROOM TEMPERATURE
• TRANS FATS – A TYPE OF SYNTHETIC UNSATURATED FATTY ACID – RAISING LDL,
LOWERING HDL
• FATTY ACID-BASED LIPIDS – TRIGLYCERIDES, PHOSPHOLIPIDS, WAX
• STEROIDS - RINGS – CHOLESTEROL, TESTOSTERONE
WHAT IS CHOLESTEROL FOR?
• WHAT HAS LDL IN IT? WHAT DOES IT DO?
FATTY MEATS, MILK, CHEESE, BUTTER, YOGURT
CARRIES CHOLESTEROL AND CAN LEAVE IT IN YOUR ARTERIES
• WHAT HAS HDL IN IT? WHAT DOES IT DO?
COMPOSED OF SEVERAL PROTEIN – FOUND IN FISH,
BEANS/LEGUMES, NUTS, FLAX, CHIA.
LOWERS/GETS RID OF LDL BUILD-UP IN ARTERIES.
• WHICH CHOLESTEROL IS “BAD” CHOLESTEROL?
LOW-DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS (LDL)
WHAT IS CHOLESTEROL FOR?
• WHAT HAS LDL IN IT? WHAT DOES IT DO?
• WHAT HAS HDL IN IT? WHAT DOES IT DO?
• WHICH CHOLESTEROL IS “BAD” CHOLESTEROL?
QUIZ QUESTIONS
WHAT ARE THE FOUR MACROMOLECULES?
• WHAT ARE THE ELEMENTS THAT MAKE UP CARBOHYDRATES?
• WHAT IS THE FUNCTION OF CARBOHYDRATES?
• WHAT ARE THE MONOMERS OF CARBOHYDRATES? PROVIDE THE TERM AND AN EXAMPLE
• WHAT ARE CARBOHYDRATES FOUND IN (FOODS)?
• WHAT ARE THE ELEMENTS THAT MAKE UP LIPIDS?
• WHAT IS THE FUNCTION OF LIPIDS (LIST 2)?
• WHAT ARE THE MONOMERS OF LIPIDS?
PROTEIN - COMPONENTS
INDICATOR: DESCRIBE THE ROLE OF PROTEIN IN THE PRODUCTION OF ANTIBODIES,
HEMOGLOBIN AND INSULIN, STRUCTURAL SUPPORT, BUILDING AND MAINTAINING MUSCLE.
• PROTEINS ARE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
COMPOSED MAINLY OF ________,
__________, AND ___________ (AND SOME
_________). _, _, _, _
• PROTEINS ARE THE CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS
FOR BODY PARTS SUCH AS MUSCLES, SKIN,
AND ________.
PROTEINS ARE MADE UP OF SMALLER UNITS
CALLED ___________ (RIGHT), THE MONOMER
BUILDING BLOCKS OF PROTEIN.
PROTEIN - COMPONENTS
INDICATOR: DESCRIBE THE ROLE OF PROTEIN IN THE PRODUCTION OF ANTIBODIES,
HEMOGLOBIN AND INSULIN, STRUCTURAL SUPPORT, BUILDING AND MAINTAINING MUSCLE.
• PROTEINS ARE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
COMPOSED MAINLY OF CARBON, HYDROGEN,
AND NITROGEN (AND SOME OXYGEN). C, H,
O, N
• PROTEINS ARE THE CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS
FOR BODY PARTS SUCH AS MUSCLES, SKIN,
AND BLOOD. FUNCTION
PROTEINS ARE MADE UP OF SMALLER UNITS
CALLED AMINO ACIDS (RIGHT), THE
MONOMER BUILDING BLOCKS OF PROTEIN.
PROTEIN AND AMINO ACIDS
INDICATOR: DESCRIBE THE ROLE OF PROTEIN IN THE PRODUCTION OF ANTIBODIES,
HEMOGLOBIN AND INSULIN, STRUCTURAL SUPPORT, BUILDING AND MAINTAINING MUSCLE.
• OUR BODIES CONTAIN THOUSANDS OF
DIFFERENT PROTEINS. ALL THESE PROTEINS ARE
MADE FROM ABOUT ___ DIFFERENT AMINO
ACIDS. AND HUMANS CAN ONLY MAKE __ OF
THESE __.
• AMINO ACIDS DIFFER ONLY IN THE TYPE OF R
GROUP THEY CARRY. THE DIFFERENCE AMONG
THE AMINO ACID R GROUPS GIVES DIFFERENT
PROTEINS VERY DIFFERENT SHAPES.
PROTEIN AND AMINO ACIDS
INDICATOR: DESCRIBE THE ROLE OF PROTEIN IN THE PRODUCTION OF ANTIBODIES,
HEMOGLOBIN AND INSULIN, STRUCTURAL SUPPORT, BUILDING AND MAINTAINING MUSCLE.
• OUR BODIES CONTAIN THOUSANDS OF
DIFFERENT PROTEINS. ALL THESE PROTEINS ARE
MADE FROM ABOUT 20 DIFFERENT AMINO
ACIDS. AND HUMANS CAN ONLY MAKE 10 OF
THESE 20.
• AMINO ACIDS DIFFER ONLY IN THE TYPE OF R
GROUP THEY CARRY. THE DIFFERENCE AMONG
THE AMINO ACID R GROUPS GIVES DIFFERENT
PROTEINS VERY DIFFERENT SHAPES.
PROTEIN – SHAPES AND BONDS
INDICATOR: DESCRIBE THE ROLE OF PROTEIN IN THE PRODUCTION OF ANTIBODIES, HEMOGLOBIN AND
INSULIN, STRUCTURAL SUPPORT, BUILDING AND MAINTAINING MUSCLE.
• THE DIFFERENT SHAPES ALLOW PROTEINS TO PERFORM MANY
DIFFERENT ROLES IN THE CHEMISTRY OF LIVING THINGS.
• TWO AMINO ACIDS BOND TO FORM A __________, DURING
A CONDENSATION REACTION, TWO AMINO ACIDS FORM A
COVALENT BOND, CALLED A __________ ________.
• AMINO ACIDS CAN BOND TO EACH OTHER ONE AT A TIME,
FORMING A LONG CHAIN CALLED A ______________.
PROTEIN – SHAPES AND BONDS
INDICATOR: DESCRIBE THE ROLE OF PROTEIN IN THE PRODUCTION OF ANTIBODIES, HEMOGLOBIN AND
INSULIN, STRUCTURAL SUPPORT, BUILDING AND MAINTAINING MUSCLE.
• THE DIFFERENT SHAPES (AND COMBINATION OF AMINO
ACIDS) ALLOW PROTEINS TO PERFORM MANY DIFFERENT
ROLES IN THE CHEMISTRY OF LIVING THINGS.
• TWO AMINO ACIDS BOND TO FORM A DIPEPTIDE,
DURING A CONDENSATION REACTION, TWO AMINO
ACIDS FORM A COVALENT BOND, CALLED A PEPTIDE
BOND.
• AMINO ACIDS CAN BOND TO EACH OTHER ONE AT A
TIME, FORMING A LONG CHAIN CALLED A POLYPEPTIDE.
PROTEIN
INDICATOR: DESCRIBE THE ROLE OF PROTEIN IN THE PRODUCTION OF ANTIBODIES, HEMOGLOBIN AND
INSULIN, STRUCTURAL SUPPORT, BUILDING AND MAINTAINING MUSCLE.
• PROTEINS ARE COMPOSED OF ONE OR
MORE POLYPEPTIDES. SOME PROTEINS ARE
VERY LARGE MOLECULES, CONTAINING
HUNDREDS OF AMINO ACIDS.
• AMINO ACID  PEPTIDE/DIPEPTIDES 
POLYPEPTIDES
PROTEIN
INDICATOR: DESCRIBE THE ROLE OF PROTEIN IN THE PRODUCTION OF ANTIBODIES, HEMOGLOBIN AND
INSULIN, STRUCTURAL SUPPORT, BUILDING AND MAINTAINING MUSCLE.
FUNCTIONS
• ANTIBODIES – GLOBULAR PROTEINS WITH SUGARS
ATTACHED TO AMINO ACID CHAINS – THEY IDENTIFY
FOREIGN MACROMOLECULES AND BIND TO THEM,
EVENTUALLY DESTROYING THEM
• HEMOGLOBIN – A PROTEIN IN RED BLOOD CELLS THAT HOLD
OXYGEN
• INSULIN – A PROTEIN REGULATES METABOLISM (ENERGY
UPTAKE)
PROTEIN
INDICATOR: DESCRIBE THE ROLE OF PROTEIN IN THE PRODUCTION OF ANTIBODIES, HEMOGLOBIN AND
INSULIN, STRUCTURAL SUPPORT, BUILDING AND MAINTAINING MUSCLE.
FUNCTIONS
• STRUCTURAL SUPPORT – PROTEINS MAKE UP MOST
STRUCTURES IN THE BODY
• BUILDING AND MAINTAINING MUSCLE – MUSCLE TISSUE IS
BUILT FROM AMINO ACIDS, WHEN MUSCLES UNDERGO
STRESS/DAMAGE, THEY NEED TO BE REPAIRED.
CRASH COURSE!
• I LIKE JOHN MORE THAN HANK… BUT THIS IS A GOOD OVERVIEW OF WHAT WE HAVE
DISCUSSED!
HTTPS://WWW.YOUTUBE.COM/WATCH?V=H8WJ2KENLK0
• REMEMBER: IN BIOLOGY, THERE’S ALMOST ALWAYS AN INFORMATIVE AVAILABLE ONLINE FOR
OUR TOPICS.
LAB – BUILDING MACROMOLECULES
• YOU MAY WORK IN PARTNERS AT YOUR OWN PACE OR FOLLOW ALONG WITH INSTRUCTOR
• CORRECT AS CLASS – SELF-ASSESS – SUBMIT MARK
COMPLETE THE CHART
Compound
Carbohydrate
Protein
Lipid
Elements
C,H,O
C,H,O,
N
C, H,O
Monomer(s)
Function
Example
Monosacc
harides
(glucose)
Amino
acids
Short term
energy source
Coca
Cola!
Muscle repair
and structure
Meat
Fatty
acids
Long term
Butter
energy storage
COMPLETE THE CHART
Compound
Carbohydrate
Protein
Lipid
Elements
C,H,O
C,H,O,
N
C,H,O
Monomer(s)
Function
Example
Glucose
short term
sugary
(monosacc energy!
food
haride)
Glycine
creation of
chicken
(amino
skin, hair,
acid)
muscles
(protect the
body)
Fatty
long term
cheese
acid
energy
storage/source
ENZYMES
INDICATOR: EXAMINE THE ROLE OF ENZYMES (E.G. AMYLASE, PEPSIN, BILE, LIPASE, PROTEASE) AS
CATALYSTS IN CHEMICAL DIGESTION.
• ENZYMES ARE MADE OF
__________.
• ENZYMES ARE ___________
(THEY FACILITATE REACTIONS BY
LOWERING ACTIVATION
ENERGY)
• THEY FIT WITH CERTAIN
MACROMOLECULES TO BREAK
THEM DOWN.
• IMPORTANCE: OUR BODY HAS
ENZYMES TO BREAK DOWN
SPECIFIC _______ ___ _____!
EXAMPLES 
Amylase
Pepsin
Bile
Protease
Lipase
Found in saliva/pancreas - catalyses hydrolysis of starch into
sugars. High levels = acute pancreatitis
ENZYMES
INDICATOR: EXAMINE THE ROLE OF ENZYMES (E.G. AMYLASE, PEPSIN, BILE, LIPASE, PROTEASE) AS
CATALYSTS IN CHEMICAL DIGESTION.
• ENZYMES ARE MADE OF
PROTEIN
• ENZYMES ARE CATALYSTS
(THEY FACILITATE REACTIONS BY
LOWERING ACTIVATION
ENERGY)
• THEY FIT WITH CERTAIN
MACROMOLECULES TO BREAK
THEM DOWN.
• IMPORTANCE: OUR BODY HAS
ENZYMES TO BREAK DOWN
SPECIFIC TYPES OF FOOD!
EXAMPLES 
Amylase
Found in saliva/pancreas - catalyses hydrolysis of starch into
sugars. High levels = acute pancreatitis
Pepsin
Breaks down food proteins into peptides – found in stomach
Bile
Breaks down lipids in the small intestine
Protease
Breaks down peptides into amino acids. Produced by pancreas –
but activated in the intestine.
Lipase
Breaks down lipids. High levels = acute pancreatitis (Pancreas,
mouth, and stomach)
QUIZ
• MATCHING ENZYMES WITH WHERE THEY ARE FOUND AND THEIR FUNCTION. (5)
• TWO FUNCTIONS OF PROTEINS (2)
• WHAT ELEMENTS MAKE UP PROTEINS? WHAT IS THEIR MONOMER? (2)
• WHAT DO ENZYMES DO? WHAT ARE THEY MADE OF? (2)
HOMEOSTASIS
INDICATOR: RECOGNIZE ISSUES (E.G. HYPO/HYPERGLYCEMIA, HIGH/LOW CHOLESTEROL, DENATURATION OF
PROTEINS) THAT MAY ARISE WHEN MACROMOLECULES DISRUPT HOMEOSTASIS.
• HOMEOSTASIS =
EXAMPLE –
• HOW DO MACROMOLECULES DISRUPT HOMEOSTASIS?
• GLYCEMIA = LEVELS OF GLUCOSE IN THE BLOOD (HYPO – ______, HYPER – _____)
__________  DIZZINESS, CONFUSION, WEAKNESS – SHORT ON ENERGY, BODY RESPONDS THIS WAY
__________ INCREASED THIRST AND URINATION – LOTS OF ENERGY, BODY NEEDS TO REPLENISH
EXCESSIVE WATER USE
WHY WOULD THESE SYMPTOMS OCCUR?
HOMEOSTASIS
INDICATOR: RECOGNIZE ISSUES (E.G. HYPO/HYPERGLYCEMIA, HIGH/LOW CHOLESTEROL, DENATURATION OF
PROTEINS) THAT MAY ARISE WHEN MACROMOLECULES DISRUPT HOMEOSTASIS.
• HOMEOSTASIS = BALANCE/STABILITY
OUR BODIES NEED TO MAINTAIN BALANCE!
EXAMPLE – WORKING OUT… YOUR BODY MAY START TO SWEAT TO COOL OFF.
• HOW DO MACROMOLECULES DISRUPT HOMEOSTASIS?
TOO MUCH OR NOT ENOUGH FOR THE BODY TO ADAPT TO! THAT’S WHY YOU NEED A BALANCED DIET!
• GLYCEMIA = LEVELS OF GLUCOSE IN THE BLOOD (HYPO – LOW, HYPER – HIGH)
HYPO  DIZZINESS, CONFUSION, WEAKNESS – SHORT ON ENERGY, BODY RESPONDS THIS WAY
HYPER  INCREASED THIRST AND URINATION – LOTS OF ENERGY, BODY NEEDS TO REPLENISH EXCESSIVE
WATER USE
WHY WOULD THESE SYMPTOMS OCCUR?
HOMEOSTASIS
INDICATOR: RECOGNIZE ISSUES (E.G. HYPO/HYPERGLYCEMIA, HIGH/LOW CHOLESTEROL, DENATURATION OF
PROTEINS) THAT MAY ARISE WHEN MACROMOLECULES DISRUPT HOMEOSTASIS.
• HIGH CHOLESTEROL  CAN INCREASE RISK OF HEART DISEASE AND CIRCULATORY PROBLEMS – IT BLOCKS
ARTERIES
LOW CHOLESTEROL  CAN INCREASE RISK OF CANCER, DEPRESSION – BODY NEEDS CHOLESTEROL TO
MAKE HORMONES!
• DENATURATION OF PROTEINS – MORPHS A PROTEIN STRUCTURE THROUGH DAMAGE TO BONDS. PROTEINS
ARE NORMALLY BENT STRUCTURES BUT NOT BENT ENOUGH TO BREAK DOWN THE PROTEIN, THEY WAY THEY
BEND HELP GIVE THEM THEIR RESPECTIVE PROPERTIES - DISRUPTION TO THEIR HYDROGEN BONDS CAN BE
CAUSED BY ALCOHOLS, ACIDS & BASES, AND HEAVY METAL SALTS, EXTREME HEAT CAN DAMAGE SOME IN
SOME CASES AS WELL.
(THAT’S WHY WE USE SOME OF THE ABOVE TO CLEAN GERMS (ALCOHOLS AND BASES ARE IN SOAP) – THEY
DAMAGE THEIR PROTEINS!)
PEOPLE MAKING NUTRITION CONTRIBUTIONS
INVESTIGATE THE CONTRIBUTIONS OF PEOPLE (E.G., JUSTUS VON LIEBIG, ANTOINE-LAURENT LAVOISIER,
CLAUDE BERNARD, AND EMIL FISCHER) IN ADVANCING SCIENTIFIC UNDERSTANDING OF NUTRITION. (STSE)
USE YOUR PHONE! WHAT DO YOU THINK THESE INDIVIDUALS CONTRIBUTED TO HEALTH SCIENCE
AND WHY IS THEIR DISCOVERY IMPORTANT?
• JUSTUS VON LIEBIG –
• ANTOINE-LAURENT DE LAVOISIER –
• CLAUDE BERNARD –
• EMIL FISCHER –
PEOPLE MAKING NUTRITION CONTRIBUTIONS
INVESTIGATE THE CONTRIBUTIONS OF PEOPLE (E.G., JUSTUS VON LIEBIG, ANTOINE-LAURENT LAVOISIER,
CLAUDE BERNARD, AND EMIL FISCHER) IN ADVANCING SCIENTIFIC UNDERSTANDING OF NUTRITION. (STSE)
USE YOUR PHONE! WHAT DO YOU THINK THESE INDIVIDUALS CONTRIBUTED TO HEALTH SCIENCE
AND WHY IS THEIR DISCOVERY IMPORTANT?
• JUSTUS VON LIEBIG – GERMAN CHEMIST – BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY – PEOPLE GOTTA EAT!
• ANTOINE-LAURENT DE LAVOISIER – RECOGNIZED AND NAMED OXYGEN AND HYDROGEN
• CLAUDE BERNARD – CAME UP WITH THE TERM HOMEOSTASIS
• EMIL FISCHER – DRAWING OF ATOMS!
CONTRIBUTIONS – EXPECT ON QUIZ
• JUSTUS VON LIEBIG – FATHER OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY AND FERTILIZER – LAW OF THE MINIMUM – PLANTS
GROW ONLY AS MUCH AS THE SCARCEST RESOURCE. CONNECTING TO US AND NUTRITION – WE CAN
ONLY GROW AS MUCH AS WE INGEST, IF WE’RE LACKING A PARTICULAR NUTRIENT – WE WOULD HAVE
DEFICIENCIES
• ANTOINE-LAURENT DE LAVOISIER – RECOGNIZED AND NAMED OXYGEN AND HYDROGEN – AND THAT
WHILE MATTER MAY CHANGE SHAPE, MASS STAYS THE SAME. OXYGEN AND HYDROGEN ARE FOUND IN ALL
MACROMOLECULES!
• CLAUDE BERNARD – BLIND EXPERIMENTS AND HOMEOSTASIS – IMPORTANT: OUR BODIES CONSTANTLY TRY
TO ACHIEVE BALANCE
• EMIL FISCHER – WAY OF DRAWING CARBON MOLECULES – THIS ALLOWED US TO OBSERVE HOW
MACROMOLECULES MAY BEHAVE GIVEN THEIR STRUCTURE
IMPORTANCE: WHILE NOT ALL DIRECTLY RELATED TO NUTRITION. THEIR DISCOVERIES HELPED INFORM OUR
UNDERSTANDING OF HEALTH SCIENCE – WHICH IN TURN HELPED WITH NUTRITION.
MICRONUTRIENTS
EXPLAIN HOW MICRONUTRIENTS (E.G., VITAMINS A, B, D, C, E, K, AND IRON, CALCIUM, PHOSPHOROUS)
ARE NECESSARY FOR HEALTH. (K)
Micronutrient
Vitamin A (fat soluble)
Vitamin B (water soluble)
Vitamin C (water soluble)
Vitamin D (fat soluble)
Vitamin E (fat soluble)
Vitamin K (fat soluble)
Iron
Calcium
Phosphorous
Manganese
selenium
Function
Found in
MICRONUTRIENTS
EXPLAIN HOW MICRONUTRIENTS (E.G., VITAMINS A, B, D, C, E, K, AND IRON, CALCIUM, PHOSPHOROUS)
ARE NECESSARY FOR HEALTH. (K)
Micronutrient
Function
Found in
Vitamin A (fat soluble)
Immune system, vision, and growth and
development
Carrots, sweet potato (yam)
Vitamin B (water soluble)
metabolism
Animal products
Vitamin C (water soluble)
Healing and immune system
Citrus fruits
Vitamin D (fat soluble)
Absorb calcium
Liver and fish oils, milk mushrooms
Vitamin E (fat soluble)
Antioxidant (reduces free radicals)
Oils, avocado
Vitamin K (fat soluble)
Protein synthesis
K1 Kale, spinach (K2 – yolk, cheese)
Iron
Red blood cells
Red meat and spinach
Calcium
Bone building
Dairy products and leafy greens
Phosphorous
Bones and teeth
Seeds, cheese and fish
Manganese
Metabolism and bone formation
Grains and seeds
selenium
Antioxidant (repair immune system)
Nuts, seafood and fish
B VITAMINS
• HTTPS://EN.WIKIPEDIA.ORG/WIKI/B_VITAMINS
B Vitamin
1
2
3
5
6
7
9
12
Function
Found in
Found in (1)
Deficiency effect (1)
B Vitamin
Function (1)
1 Thiamine
Energy production and nervous
system support (damaged/lost
from processed foods)
Beriberi (nervous system disease)
2 Riboflavin
Involved in enzyme reactions
Cheilosis (cracks in the lips)
3 Niacin
5 Pantothenic
Acid
6 Pyridoxine
7 Biotin
9 Folic Acid
Lower cholesterol levels
Pellagra (aggression, insomnia, weakness)
Helps with enzymes to create
and break down proteins, lipids,
and carbs
Acne
Production of red blood cells
Synthesis of fatty acids
Seborrheic dermatitis (scaly, flaky, itchy, red
skin)
Impaired growth in infants
Infant development and cell
growth
Deficiency in pregnant women can lead to
birth defects. May slow effects of age.
12
Cobalamins
Formation of blood and nervous
system function
Anemia – damaging red blood cell
production – leads to memory loss and other
cognitive deficits.
Deficiency effect (1)
B Vitamin
Function (1)
Found in (1)
1 Thiamine
Energy production and nervous
system support (damaged/lost
from processed foods)
Seeds, beans, and peas Beriberi (nervous system disease)
2 Riboflavin
Involved in enzyme reactions
Milk cheese, leafy
greens, legumes
mushrooms and
almonds.
Cheilosis (cracks in the lips)
3 Niacin
5 Pantothenic
Acid
6 Pyridoxine
Lower cholesterol levels
Dairy products
Pellagra (aggression, insomnia, weakness)
Helps with enzymes to create
and break down proteins, lipids,
and carbs
meat
Acne
Production of red blood cells
7 Biotin
Synthesis of fatty acids
9 Folic Acid
Infant development and cell
growth
Cereals, veggies, meat, Seborrheic dermatitis (scaly, flaky, itchy, red
skin)
eggs
Most foods, recycled Impaired growth in infants
naturally
Deficiency in pregnant women can lead to
Dark leafy green
birth defects. May slow effects of age.
veggies
12
Cobalamins
Formation of blood and nervous
system function
Shellfish and meats
Anemia – damaging red blood cell
production – leads to memory loss and other
cognitive deficits.
• 2 RIBOFLAVIN
• INVOLVED IN ENZYME REACTIONS
• MILK CHEESE, LEAFY GREENS, LEGUMES MUSHROOMS AND ALMONDS.
• CHEILOSIS (CRACKS IN THE LIPS)
SOURCES OF MACRO/MICRONUTRIENTS
IDENTIFY WHICH MACRONUTRIENTS AND MICRONUTRIENTS ARE FOUND IN COMMON FOOD GROUPS (I.E.,
GRAINS, MILK AND ALTERNATIVES, MEAT AND ALTERNATIVES, VEGETABLES AND FRUITS, AND FATS AND
OILS). (K)
Micronutrient/Macronutrient
Food Source