Transcript DNA & Protein Synthesis

DNA and Protein Synthesis Notes
June 2, 2016
I. Nucleic Acid Review
Name of the molecule identified
by the arrow:
31%
0%
6%
63%
1.
2.
3.
4.
Phosphate group
Nitrogen base
Adenine
Sugar
Name given to the circled
structure:
6%
13%
81%
0%
1.
2.
3.
4.
Nucleic acid
Amino acid
Nucleotide
Nucleus
The type of reaction responsible for
joining molecules A and B
25%
75%
1.
2.
Hydrolysis
Dehydration
A
B
Let’s assume the following strand of DNA
contains the information needed to make a
protein. This segment of DNA is known as
a____:
0%
0%
0%
94%
6%
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Nucleotide
Codon
Translation
Gene
mRNA
Which is single stranded?
19%
81%
1.
2.
DNA
RNA
Which one can exit the nucleus?
44%
56%
1.
2.
DNA
RNA
The two strands of DNA are bonded together in the
middle by their…
94%
Sugars
Phosphates
Nitrogen bases
ba
s
en
itr
og
N
Ph
os
ph
a
ga
te
s
rs
es
6%
0%
Su
1.
2.
3.
Which one contains nitrogenous bases
A, T, G and C?
94%
6%
1. DNA
2. RNA
A. Function of Nucleic Acids
1. Control the processes of
heredity by which cells and
organisms reproduce proteins.
B. Types of Nucleic Acids
1.
DNA: Deoxyribonucleic Acid
2.
RNA: Ribonucleic Acid
C. Structure of Nucleic Acids
1. Made up of a chain of Nucleotides that
contain
a. Phosphate backbone
b. Sugar
c. Nitrogen base
1. Guanine
2. Cytosine
3. Adenine
4. Thymine (Found only in DNA)
5. Uracil (Found only in RNA)
DNA
SUGAR
Phosphate
D. DNA vs. RNA
1. Sugar is Ribose
2. Has nitrogen base
Uracil instead of
Thymine
a. Also contains the
other 3 bases
3. Only single stranded
II. Protein Synthesis
• It’s a process
– DNA -> RNA -> Amino Acids (Protein)
Three processes in this unit…
1. Replication (DNA DNA)
2. Transcription (DNA mRNA)
3. Translation (RNA Protein)
A. DNA Replication
1. Occurs in the nucleus prior to any cell
division
2. Enzyme is used to “unzip” or “unwind” the
DNA
a. Forms a bubble at the origin site
DNA Replication (cont.)
3. Another enzyme is used to build a
complementary strand of DNA from the template
piece of original DNA
a. Nitrogenous bases pair up
1. A – T
2. C - G
4. As a result, you create two identical strands of
DNA
Let’s Practice
• Replicate the following strand of DNA using the
correct nitrogenous bases:
ATCGGCTATTAGGCATATCCGACGGTC
TAGCCGATAATCCGTATAGGCTGCCAG
B. Transcription
1. DNA strand unzips
a. The bonds between the nitrogen bases are broken
b. Initiated by RNA polymerase (enzyme) binding to
promoter site on DNA
2. A single strand of mRNA (messenger RNA) is
made
a. Pair up the bases
1. A  U
2. T  A
3. C  G
4. G  C
3. mRNA then travels from nucleus to cytoplasm
Transcription
Where in the cell does transcription take
place?
Cytoplasm
Mitochondria
Nucleus
Golgi Body
Vacuole
63%
38%
0%
G
ol
e
cu
Va
ol
gi
le
u
Bo
d
s
y
0%
uc
N
ito
ch
M
yt
op
la
s
m
on
dr
ia
0%
C
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Any given segment of DNA has directions
that make unique what?
100%
ce
pi
d
lls
s
0%
lo
o
d
Li
ns
0%
Pr
ot
ei
lu
c
os
e
0%
B
Glucose
Proteins
Lipids
Blood cells
G
1.
2.
3.
4.
If a DNA strand has the following sequence of
base pairs – A C T G G T C C A A , then the
mRNA strand would have what sequence?
88%
TGACCAGGTT
ACTGGTCCAA
TGUCCUGGTT
UGACCAGGUU
...
G
A
C
C
A
G
U
G
T
A
C
T
C
G
C
G
U
T
G
C
...
...
...
0%
G
A
C
C
A
G
6%
U
6%
T
1.
2.
3.
4.
a. Why is mRNA called messenger RNA?
1. Because it carries the directions to make a
protein to the ribosome like a message
4. Types of RNA
a. mRNA- messenger
1. Brings message from nucleus to
ribosomes in cytoplasm
b. rRNA- ribosomal
1. Make up a ribosome
c. tRNA- transfer
1. “transfers” amino acids from the
cytoplasm to the ribosome to be added
to the chain
The difference between RNA and DNA is
what?
The phosphates
The sugars
The nitrogen bases
The way the
monomer units bond
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
15
16
o.
..
th
e
w
e
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14
ay
ni
tr
og
su
e
Th
Th
Th
13
0%
m
ga
at
es
os
ph
ph
e
Th
1
0%
b.
..
0%
rs
0%
en
1.
2.
3.
4.
17
mRNA is synthesized in the nucleus and travels to
the cytoplasm to meet up with which organelle?
Mitochondria
Ribosome
Golgi Body
Lysosome
Nucleus
0%
0%
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
s
le
u
uc
N
Ly
G
M
1
0%
e
so
so
m
Bo
d
m
e
y
0%
so
ib
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R
ito
ch
on
dr
ia
0%
ol
gi
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
C. Translation
mRNA meets up with a ribosome…why??
a. Function of ribosome is to be site for protein
synthesis
2. tRNA molecules bring amino acids to ribosomes
3. An mRNA codon will pair with a tRNA anticodon
a. Codon: 3 Nitrogen base sequence in mRNA
that specifies a specific amino acid
b. Anticodon: 3 Nitrogen base sequence in tRNA
1.
Translation (cont.)
4.
As tRNA’s are added, amino acids are bonded
together and will be released as a fully functional
protein.
5. How do you know what amino acids make up a
particular protein?
a. We use an mRNA codon chart
Where in the cell does transcription, the first part of protein
synthesis, take place?
Mitochondria
Nucleus
Ribosomes
Cytoplasm
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
14
15
16
m
la
s
C
ib
o
R
13
0%
yt
op
le
u
uc
N
ito
ch
M
1
0%
m
es
0%
s
on
dr
ia
0%
so
1.
2.
3.
4.
17
DNA has the directions to make what?
Glucose
Nucleotides
Proteins
Monosaccharides
ac
on
os
M
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
ch
ar
id
le
o
uc
N
1
15
16
17
0%
e.
..
s
tid
e
os
lu
c
G
0%
ns
0%
e
0%
Pr
ot
ei
1.
2.
3.
4.
After a strand of mRNA is made where does
it go?
Ribosome
Mitochondria
Lysosome
Vacuole
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
0%
16
Va
cu
ol
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e
Ly
ito
ch
M
R
0%
so
m
m
e
so
ib
o
0%
on
dr
ia
0%
so
1.
2.
3.
4.
17
Where in the cell does translation, the second part of protein
synthesis, take place?
Mitochondria
Nucleus
Golgi body
Cytoplasm
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
m
la
s
yt
op
C
G
M
1
0%
bo
d
le
u
uc
N
ito
ch
0%
y
0%
s
on
dr
ia
0%
ol
gi
1.
2.
3.
4.
17
Molecules called tRNA’s are floating around the
cytoplasm carrying what?
mRNA’s
Glucose
DNA
Nucleotides
Amino Acids
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
16
ds
A
m
in
o
Ac
i
tid
e
uc
15
0%
s
A
N
1
0%
le
o
lu
c
G
m
0%
N
os
A’
s
RN
0%
e
0%
D
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
17
An mRNA codon is made up of how many
nitrogen bases?
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
3
0%
1
0%
13
14
15
16
0%
0%
24
1
3
6
24
6
1.
2.
3.
4.
17
Using your mRNA codon chart, what amino
acid would a ribosome call for if the codon
was A A C ?
Phenylalanine
Glutamine
Asparagine
Lysine
Tyrosine
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
A
14
15
16
17
ro
s
in
e
0%
Ty
si
ne
Ly
e
0%
Ph
en
0%
ar
ag
in
lu
ta
m
in
e
0%
G
yl
a
la
n
in
e
0%
sp
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
What protein would be synthesized from the
following mRNA strand?
ACUUUCGAAUAC
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
15
Ly
st
e
cy
si
ne
–
–
in
e
ro
s
Ty
16
17
0%
...
...
la
n
yl
a
en
Ph
14
0%
in
e
ph
–
ni
ne
re
o
Th
1
0%
...
0%
gl
u.
..
1. Threonine – phenylalanine
– glutamate – tyrosine
2. Phenylalanine – leucine –
methionine – valine
3. Tyrosine – glutamate –
phenylalanine – threonine
4. Lysine – cysteine –
arginine – histidine
What protein would be synthesized from the
following DNA segment?
TAAGTACGCTAG
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
14
16
l..
–
e
ci
n
Is
Ph
15
0%
...
yl
a
ci
n
ol
eu
Is
13
la
n
e
–
a.
–
e
ci
n
ol
eu
Is
1
0%
.
0%
ol
eu
0%
..
4.
en
3.
h.
..
2.
in
e
Isoleucine – alanine –
histidine – alanine
Isoleucine – histidine –
alanine – isoleucine
Phenylalanine – leucine –
valine – arginine
Isoleucine – leucine –
threonine – lysine
1.
17
How would you assess your
comprehension of DNA & Protein
Synthesis?
A
B
C
D
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
B
0%
13
14
15
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17
0%
D
0%
A
0%
C
1.
2.
3.
4.