Transcript Carbohydrates

Unit #1
Biochemistry
The Chemistry of Life
Organic
Chemistry
Organic Compounds
• Organic compounds are
compounds that contain
carbon (with the exception
of CO2 and a few others).
Organic Compounds
• Carbon based molecules
Organic Compounds
• Make up most of living organisms
• Carbon can easily bond with up to 4
other elements
4 valence electrons =
4 covalent bonds
Can bond to 4 H
Carbon can form various bonds
• Single bond (ethane)
• C-C
• Double bond (ethene)
• C=C
• Triple bond (ethyne)
Organic Compounds
• Carbon atoms form the “backbone”
of long chains or rings
• Organic molecules can be extremely
large and complex; these are called
macromolecules (or polymers)
Ring structured
Functional Groups
• Various elements attach to the hydrocarbon
backbone to form different types of
compounds.
• These reactive clusters of atoms are called
functional groups.
• Elements include: H, O, S, N & P
Functional Groups
Hydroxyl group
• -OH
• Found in alcohols
• E.g. Ethanol
• Polar
Functional Groups
Carboxyl group
• -COOH
• Found in acids
• Polar
E.g. Vinegar
- acetic acid CH3COOH
Functional Groups
Amino group
• -NH2
• Found in bases
• E.g. Ammonia
Functional Groups
Sulfhydryl group
• -SH
• Often referred to as a thiol group
• Found in Rubber
- Thiols smell like
garlic and are often
added to natural gas
to provide a
detectable smell.
Functional Groups
Phosphate group
• -PO4
• Found in ATP
Functional Groups
Carbonyl group
• If this group is at the end, the compound is
called an aldehyde
• If it is found in the middle, it is called a
ketone
Functional Groups
Carbonyl group #1
The Aldehydes
• -COH
• E.g. Formaldehyde
Functional Groups
Carbonyl group #2
The Ketones
• -CO• E.g. acetone
Functional Groups
TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE
• What functional groups are in this molecule?
Test Your Knowledge…
• Name the functional groups
Test Your Knowledge…
• Name the functional groups
Amino group
Carbonyl group
(Ketone)
Carboxyl group
Sulfhydryl group
Organic Compounds
The 4 main types of organic macromolecules:
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic Acids
Making & Breaking Organic Compounds
Anabolic Reactions
Condensation Reactions (Dehydration synthesis Reaction)
• The removal of a –H from the functional group of one
unit and a –OH from another unit to form a water
molecule (H2O).
• Energy absorbed
Making & Breaking Organic Compounds
Catabolic Reactions
Hydrolysis Reactions
• A water molecule (H2O) is used to break a covalent bond
holding subunits together.
• A –H from is given to one unit and a –OH to the another
• Energy released
Enzymes
• Enzymes are biological catalysts.
• They speed up reactions without actually
being consumed in the reaction.
• They are needed for condensation &
hydrolysis reactions.
Enzyme Action Example:
Isomers
• Isomers are molecules that have the same
formula, but a different physical structure.
• Glucose (C6H12O6) and galactose
(C6H12O6) and fructose (C6H12O6) are
examples of isomers.
Isomers
• Because of their differing arrangement of
the atoms, they have different physical and
chemical properties.
• E.g. Carvone is a flavour compound that.
There are 2 isomers of carvone. One
makes things taste like spearmint the other
like caraway.
End Part I
Get ready for Carbohydrates!
Carbohydrates
• Main energy source for living things
• Breakdown of sugars supplies immediate
energy for cell activities
• Plants store extra sugar as complex
carbohydrates called starches
Carbohydrates
• The
most common organic material on Earth.
• The general formula is C : H : O
•Count the # of each atom
in the molecule shown here:
• In a ratio of 1 : 2 : 1
What are the functional groups on carbohydrates?
•
What are the functional groups on carbohydrates?
Their functional groups include:
1. Carbonyl group (an aldehyde or ketone)
2. Hydroxyl groups
Carbohydrates
•
There are 3 major classes:
- Monosaccharide,
- Oligosaccharide and
- Polysaccharide
Saccharide (means “Sugar” in Greek)
The names of carbohydrates end in “ose”.
Carbohydrates
• Single sugar molecules are called
monosaccharides
• Monosaccharides with 5 or more carbons
are linear in the dry state but form rings
when dissolved in water.
Monomer of Carbohydrates:
Monosaccharides
• Simple sugar
• It is the main source of energy in the body
• Eg. glucose – most common
galactose – milk sugar
fructose – fruit sugar
Carbohydrates
• Oligosaccharides are sugars containing 2
or 3 simple sugars attached to one another
by covalent bonds called glycosidic
linkages.
• Recognize the dehydration reaction?
Examples of Disaccharides
Examples of Disaccharides
• Sucrose = glucose + fructose
Table sugar
• Maltose = glucose + glucose
Sugar in beer
• Lactose = glucose + galactose
Sugar in milk
Carbohydrates
• Large molecules of many monosaccharide
are called polysaccharides
• Also known as complex carbohydrates.
Examples:
• glycogen – animals use it to store excess sugar
• starch – plants use to it store excess sugar
• cellulose – fibers that give plants their rigidity &
strength
• Chitin – exoskeleton & fungi
Polysaccharide: many sugars
• Some polysaccharides are straight, others
are branched.
Starch
• A storage molecule for plants.
• It is made of 2 polysaccharides:
– Amylose
– Amylopectin
The chains form
tight coils which
make them
insoluble in water.
Cellulose
• Cellulose molecules are not coiled or
branched.
• The chains form cross-linkages between
each other.
• The fibers intertwine to form microfibrils.
• Used to build cell walls.
Chitin
• Exoskeleton of insects & crabs
• The cell wall of fungi
• Chitin has uses in medicine:
– Contact lenses
– Biodegradable suture thread
Which is a monosaccharide?
A disaccharide? A polysaccharide?
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cellulose
chitin
glucose
glycogen
sucrose
starch
Which is a monosaccharide?
A disaccharide? A polysaccharide?
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•
•
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Cellulose P
Chitin
P
Glucose M
Glycogen M
Sucrose D
Starch
P
Lipids
• Store more energy than CHOs
because the chains are longer
• Ex: Fats, oils, waxes
• Won’t dissolve in water
Lipids
• Important parts of biological
membranes and waterproof
coverings
• Steroids are lipids that act as
chemical messengers
Lipids
• Many lipids are made from a
glycerol combined with fatty acids
– If all carbons have single bonds, lipid is
saturated
– Ex: butter, lard, animal fat (usually solid at room
temperature)
– If any carbons have double or triple
bonds, lipid is unsaturated
– Ex: vegetable oil, fish oil, peanut oil
room temperature)
(usually liquid at
Proteins
• Contain C, H, O, plus nitrogen
• Formed from amino acids joined
together
• More than 20 amino acids can be
joined in any order or number to
make countless proteins (think of how
many words can be made from 26 letters!)
Proteins
• Chains are folded and twisted giving
each protein a unique shape
• Van der Waals forces and hydrogen
bonds help maintain protein’s shape
• Shape of protein is important to its
function!
Proteins
• Provide structure
– Ex: Collagen- makes up your skin,
muscles & bones
• Aid chemical activities in your body
– Ex: Enzymes- work to speed up
rxns in your body
• Transport substances into or out of
cells
• Help fight diseases
Nucleic Acids
• Contain C, H, O, N plus
phosphorus
• Formed by bonding of
individual units called
nucleotides
nucleotide
Nucleic Acid
Nucleic Acids
• Store and transmit hereditary
information
–Ex: DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)
RNA (ribonucleic acid)