Transcript Functional Groups

Unit #1
Biochemistry
The Chemistry of Life
Organic
Chemistry
Organic Compounds
• Organic compounds are
compounds that contain
carbon (with the exception
of CO2 and a few others).
Organic Compounds
• Carbon based molecules
Organic Compounds
• Make up most of living organisms
• Carbon can easily bond with up to 4
other elements
4 valence electrons =
4 covalent bonds
Can bond to 4 H
Carbon can form various bonds
• Single bond (ethane)
• C-C
• Double bond (ethene)
• C=C
• Triple bond (ethyne)
Organic Compounds
• Carbon atoms form the “backbone”
of long chains or rings
• Organic molecules can be extremely
large and complex; these are called
macromolecules (or polymers)
Ring structured
Functional Groups
• Various elements attach to the hydrocarbon
backbone to form different types of
compounds.
• These reactive clusters of atoms are called
functional groups.
• Elements include: H, O, S, N & P
Functional Groups
Hydroxyl group
• -OH
• Found in alcohols
• E.g. Ethanol
• Polar
Functional Groups
Carboxyl group
• -COOH
• Found in acids
• Polar
E.g. Vinegar
- acetic acid CH3COOH
Functional Groups
Amino group
• -NH2
• Found in bases
• E.g. Ammonia
Functional Groups
Sulfhydryl group
• -SH
• Often referred to as a thiol group
• Found in Rubber
- Thiols smell like
garlic and are often
added to natural gas
to provide a
detectable smell.
Functional Groups
Phosphate group
• -PO4
• Found in ATP
Functional Groups
Carbonyl group
• If this group is at the end, the compound is
called an aldehyde
• If it is found in the middle, it is called a
ketone
Functional Groups
Carbonyl group #1
The Aldehydes
• -COH
• E.g. Formaldehyde
Functional Groups
Carbonyl group #2
The Ketones
• -CO• E.g. acetone
Functional Groups
TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE
• What functional groups are in this molecule?
Test Your Knowledge…
• Name the functional groups
Test Your Knowledge…
• Name the functional groups
Amino group
Carbonyl group
(Ketone)
Carboxyl group
Sulfhydryl group
Organic Compounds
The 4 main types of organic macromolecules:
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic Acids
Making & Breaking Organic Compounds
Anabolic Reactions
Condensation Reactions (Dehydration synthesis Reaction)
• The removal of a –H from the functional group of one
unit and a –OH from another unit to form a water
molecule (H2O).
• Energy absorbed
Making & Breaking Organic Compounds
Catabolic Reactions
Hydrolysis Reactions
• A water molecule (H2O) is used to break a covalent bond
holding subunits together.
• A –H from is given to one unit and a –OH to the another
• Energy released
Enzymes
• Enzymes are biological catalysts.
• They speed up reactions without actually
being consumed in the reaction.
• They are needed for condensation &
hydrolysis reactions.
Enzyme Action Example:
Isomers
• Isomers are molecules that have the same
formula, but a different physical structure.
• Glucose (C6H12O6) and galactose
(C6H12O6) and fructose (C6H12O6) are
examples of isomers.
Isomers
• Because of their differing arrangement of
the atoms, they have different physical and
chemical properties.
• E.g. Carvone is a flavour compound that.
There are 2 isomers of carvone. One
makes things taste like spearmint the other
like caraway.
End Part I
Get ready for Carbohydrates!
Carbohydrates
• Made of C, H, & O
• Main energy source for living things
• Breakdown of sugars supplies immediate
energy for cell activities
• Plants store extra sugar as complex
carbohydrates called starches
Carbohydrates
An important class of biomolecules
Makes up highest percentage of biomass than any other biomolecules
Compounds that have reactive aldehyde or ketone functional group
or multiple hydroxyl groups
Carbohydrate :
“Carbon” + “Hydrate” (In which the ratio of C : H : O is 1 : 2 : 1)
Empirical formula : (CHO)n
-There are 3 major classes of Carbohydrate :
-Monosaccharide,
-Oligosaccharide and
- polysaccharide
Saccharide (means “Sugar” in Greek)
Carbohydrates
• Single sugar molecules are called
monosaccharides
Examples:
glucose – in many
plant and animal
tissues, most
common
monosaccharide
fructose – in
many fruits
galactose –
component of
milk
Carbohydrates
• Large molecules of many
monosaccharide are
polysaccharides
• Examples:
• glycogen – animals use to store
excess sugar
• plant starch – plants use to store
excess sugar
• cellulose – fibers that give plants
their rigidity & strength
Lipids
• Store more energy than CHOs
because the chains are longer
• Ex: Fats, oils, waxes
• Won’t dissolve in water
Lipids
• Important parts of biological
membranes and waterproof
coverings
• Steroids are lipids that act as
chemical messengers
Lipids
• Many lipids are made from a
glycerol combined with fatty acids
– If all carbons have single bonds, lipid is
saturated
– Ex: butter, lard, animal fat (usually solid at room
temperature)
– If any carbons have double or triple
bonds, lipid is unsaturated
– Ex: vegetable oil, fish oil, peanut oil
room temperature)
(usually liquid at
Proteins
• Contain C, H, O, plus nitrogen
• Formed from amino acids joined
together
• More than 20 amino acids can be
joined in any order or number to
make countless proteins (think of how
many words can be made from 26 letters!)
Proteins
• Chains are folded and twisted giving
each protein a unique shape
• Van der Waals forces and hydrogen
bonds help maintain protein’s shape
• Shape of protein is important to its
function!
Proteins
• Provide structure
– Ex: Collagen- makes up your skin,
muscles & bones
• Aid chemical activities in your body
– Ex: Enzymes- work to speed up
rxns in your body
• Transport substances into or out of
cells
• Help fight diseases
Nucleic Acids
• Contain C, H, O, N plus
phosphorus
• Formed by bonding of
individual units called
nucleotides
nucleotide
Nucleic Acid
Nucleic Acids
• Store and transmit hereditary
information
–Ex: DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)
RNA (ribonucleic acid)
Carbohydrates are Made
Of:
•
C : H : O or CH2O
1:2:1
EX: C6H12O6 glucosemost common monosaccharide
C12H22O11 = 2 C6H12O6 − H2O
What functional groups are in
carbohydrates?
What functional groups are in
carbohydrates?
Carbonyl
aldehyde or ketone
Hydroxyl
Carbohydrates
• “Sugars”
• Names for
Carbohydrates end in –
ose
• Monomers:
monosaccharides
Structural
formula
Why would you
choose one
model over
another?
Spacefilling
model
Abbreviated
structure
Monomer of Carbohydrates:
Monosaccharides
• Simple sugar
• -main use in body: fuel
• EX: glucose – most common
galactose –milk sugar
fructose – fruit sugar
Carbohydrates
• Monosaccharides-single
sugars –the monomer of
carbos
• Disaccharides-double
sugars
• Polysaccharides-many
sugars
Carbohydrate Rings
Monosaccharide
• Single sugar
Disaccharide
• Double sugar
Disaccharides
Dehydration Synthesis of
Carbohydrates
• What is removed? From what
functional group?
Glycosidic Bond: covalent
bond joining monosaccharides
gly- or glu- are prefixes for
“sweet”
Disaccharide Examples
• sucrose = glucose + fructose
` common table sugar
• maltose = glucose + glucose
– Beer sugar
• lactose = glucose + galactose.
– Milk sugar
Polysaccharide: many
sugars
Polysaccharides
• macromolecul
es with a few
to 1000
monosacchari
des linked
together
Polysaccharides
• Storage Polysaccharides:
starch (from plants) and
glycogen (from animals)
• Structural Polysaccharides:
chitin (in fungi cell walls and
in exoskeleton of arthropods)
and cellulose (in plant cell
walls)
Starch
•Foods
found in
plants:
Potatoes,
wheat, corn,
rice
•Found in plant roots
Glycogen
• ANIMAL
STORAGE
storage form of glucose
• Found in animal livers and
muscle cells
• Foods: meats
Cellulose: plant cell walls stiff
Us: good fiber
Glucose polymer
Chitin
• Onion Cell Walls are of
cellulose
• Exoskeleton of insects, crabs
Which is a monosaccharide?
A disaccharide? A polysaccharide?
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•
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cellulose
chitin
glucose
glycogen
sucrose
starch
Which is a monosaccharide?
A disaccharide? A polysaccharide?
•
•
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Cellulose P
Chitin
P
Glucose M
Glycogen M
Sucrose D
Starch
P