Transcript Italy and the Renaissance

Italy and the Renaissance
Why Italy?
• Renaissance – explosion in creativity in art, writing, and thought
• Rebirth of art and learning
• Leads to new values such as the importance of the individual
• Thriving city states
• Urban lifestyle leads to exchange of ideas
• Merchants and the Medici
• Used their money to invest in the Renaissance
• Wanted to get back to style of art from Rome and Greece
• Drew inspiration from ruins around them
• Studied Latin manuscripts
• Learned ideas when escaping to Rome from the crusades
Classical Heritage
• People began to want to learn the styles of the Greeks and Romans
• Lead to humanism -> human potential and achievements
• Studied the humanities (history, literature, and philosophy)
• Society becomes secular (live in the hear and now)
• Popes spend huge amounts of money for art (become patrons)
Renaissance Man vs. Woman
• The man
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Introduced idea that some people were artistic geniuses
All educated people expected to create art
People who excelled in many areas become known as the Renaissance men
Books are written to teach this to people (The Courtier by Castiglione)
• The woman
• Upper class women should know the classics and be charming
• Expected to inspire art but rarely create it
• Far more educated than women of the Middle Ages
• Intelligent. This probably goes without saying, but renaissance individuals
are highly intelligent. They are deep thinkers and have very analytical, highly
developed brains. They function at a higher level than the majority of the
world’s population.
• Knowledgeable. These people have a lot of knowledge in a wide variety of
fields. They are voracious readers and absorb a lot of information from a
variety of sources. They use this storehouse of information to their
advantage as they live out their lives.
• Artistic. Renaissance individuals seem to have an artistic bent at some level.
They can sing, play a musical instrument, write, paint, sculpt, dance, or
express themselves in some way through the fine arts.
• Physical. These people are athletic. They are in good physical shape. They
know how to move their bodies in an almost free, effortless manner.
Perhaps they play some type of sport(s).
• Social. Renaissance people have excellent social skills and graces. They are
not socially “backward” in their dealings with others. They know how to
communicate well with people. They have solid business relationships. They
have strong personal friendships and romantic relationships.
• Cool. This is the final piece of the puzzle. These type of individuals take the
top five characteristics and pull them off with ease. They are smooth and
sophisticated, without coming off as arrogant jerks. They are comfortable
with who they are and don’t feel the need to boast of their superiority
Renaissance and Art
• Focus on religious figures (paying attention to their human like
qualities)
• Began to paint portraits of people
• Michelangelo focused on glorifying the human body
• Donatello begins using natural postures and expressions
• Begin to use perspective (3D art)
Leonardo and Raphael
• Da Vinci was a painter, sculptor, inventor, and scientist (interested in
how things worked)
• Painted the Mona Lisa and The Last Supper
• Raphael learns by studying Michelangelo and da Vinci
• Painted Pope Julius II’s library with many paintings
Renaissance Writing
• Some follow Dante’s style of vernacular writing (written in native
language instead of the classical Latin)
• Francesco Petrarch and Boccaccio
• Niccolo Machiavelli writes a book that examines the imperfect
conduct of human beings
• Influences how rulers can gain power and keep it
• Not what was morally right but what was politically effective
Northern Renaissance
It’s Beginning
• Work by da Vinci, Michelangelo, and Raphael sparked the interest of
visiting scholars and students
• Merchants spread Renaissance ideas
• Spread to Northern Europe -> England, France, Germany, and Flanders
(Belgium)
• Just getting out of plague and Hundred Years War
• England and France ruled under strong monarchs
• Sponsored the arts
• Ideas of the Renaissance mix with northern traditions
• Focus more on religious ideas than in secular ones
• Leads to social reform based on Christian values
Artist Help
• Invasions in Northern Italy drive many artists to the North
• Took the Renaissance with them
• German painter Albrecht Durer helps spread Renaissance styles such
as humanism
• Flanders becomes artistic center of northern Europe
• Liked idea of individualism and worldly pleasure
Northern Writers and Reform
• Christian humanists -> mix together religion and humanism
• Desiderius Ersasmus -> wrote The Praise of Folly that made fun at greedy
merchants, heartsick lovers, quarrelsome scholars, and pompous priests
• Believed in religion of the heart not of the ceremonies and that all people should study
the bible
• Thomas More -> wrote Utopia about the ideal place without greed,
corruption, war, and crime
Shakespeare
• Writer in Renaissance England
• Great use of the English language and understanding of human beings
• Wrote tragedies such as Macbeth, King Lear, Hamlet, Romeo and Juliet
• Wrote comedies such as A Midsummer Night’s Dream
• His plays focus on human flaws
Elizabethan Age
• Renaissance in England also called Elizabethan Age after Queen
Elizabeth I
• Well mannered queen that spoke French, Italian, Latin, and Greek
• She also wrote poetry
Printing
• Chinese invented the printing block which carved letters or symbols
into wooden blocks then used for paper
• Too slow to satisfy the Renaissance demand
• Johann Gutenberg reinvents the printing block and creates the
printing press
• Printed the Gutenberg Bible -> first full size book printed by this printing
press
• Books become cheap enough for everyone
• Spread ideas very quickly
Church Reform
Causes
• Roman Catholic church rules religious life in northern and western
Europe
• Not everyone agreed with their beliefs
• Renaissance emphasis on secular thinking
• Rulers resent Popes attempt to control them
• Northern merchants did not want to pay taxes to the Church
• New movement for religious reform begins in Germany
Problems in the Church
• Accusing the leaders to be corrupt
• Pope Pius II -> “if the truth be confessed, the luxury and pomp of our
courts is too great”
• Popes become too busy pursuing worldly affairs instead of religious
ones
• Lower clergy (priests/monks) were poorly educated and broke their
vows by marrying, gambling, or drinking in excess
Reform Takes Shape
• John Wycliffe (England) and Jan Hus (Bohemia) begin to advocate
church reform
• Denied that the Pope had the right to worldly power
• Bible had more authority that Church leaders
• People begin to preach for this reform
Luther and the Church
• Martin Luther -> a monk
• Decides to take action against a friar named Johann Tetzel
• Was raising money to rebuild a church by selling indulgences (pardon) -> appearance
that people could buy their way into heaven
• 95 Theses -> written by Luther and attacked “pardon-merchants”
• Luther’s actions begin the Reformation
• Rested on 3 main ideas
• Pg. 429
Response to Luther
• Church officials see Luther as a rebellious monk
• Believed he needed punishment by superiors
• Luther’s ideas become more radical (Christians should drive the Pope from
the Church)
• Pope Leo X issues threats of excommunication
• Luther ignores it and the threat was carried out
Response Continued
• Emperor Charles V also resented these ideas
• Called Luther to the town of Worms to stand trial
• Luther still refused to take back his statements
• Edict of Worms issued -> Luther was an outlaw and heretic and no one
should give him food or shelter
• All of Luther’s books were burned
• Ruler were he lived ignored the emperor and gave him shelter in his
castle
• Find out that many people are following his teachings and start a new
religious group called the Lutherans
Peasant Revolt
• German peasants begin to demand an end to serfdom
• Luther does not like this -> writes pamphlet asking Germans to show
peasants no mercy
• They do exactly this and massacre many people
Germany at War
• Many German princes support Lutheranism
• Pope’s princes vs. Luther’s princes
• Luther’s princes become known as the Protestants
• Protestants related to those people who belonged to non-Catholic churches
• Emperor goes to war with the Protestants, wins, but unable to force them
back into the Catholic Church
• Peace of Augsburg
• Religion of each German state was to be decided by its ruler
England Becomes Protestant
• England breaks ties to Catholic church over personal reasons not
religious ones
• King Henry wants a male heir to the throne
• Feels his wife Catherine would no longer have children
• Could not divorce but could annul (prove that the marriage was never legal)
• Pope refused to grant this wish to King Henry
• Catherine’s nephew was Emperor Charles V
• Organized the Reformation Parliament -> aimed to remove all power
from England’s Pope
• Henry marries Anne Boleyn
• Parliament votes to approve the Act of Supremacy which gave power to
the King not the Pope in England’s Church
Consequences
• Henry closes all English monasteries
• Seized their wealth and land
• Anne Boleyn does not produce male heir so Henry ordered her to be
beheaded
• Daughter she does produce (Elizabeth) later becomes Queen
• Church of England returned back to Protestantism and becomes
known as the Anglican Church
The Reformation Continues
Calvin Continues the Reformation
Religious Reform in Switzerland
• Swiss priest Huldrych Zwingli calls for Church reforms (1520)
• War breaks out between Catholics, Protestants; Zwingli killed
(1531)
Calvin Formalizes Protestant Ideas
• John Calvin writes Institutes of the Christian Religion
(1536):
-we are sinful by nature and cannot earn salvation
-God chooses who will be saved—predestination
• Calvinism—religion based on Calvin’s teachings
Continued…
Calvin Continues the Reformation {continued}
Calvin Leads the Reformation in Switzerland
• Calvin says ideal government is theocracy—rule by religious
leaders
• Geneva becomes a strict Protestant theocracy led by Calvin
Calvinism Spreads
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John Knox brings Calvinism to Scotland, followers are Presbyterians
Church governed by laymen called presbyters, or elders
Calvin’s followers in France called Huguenots
Catholics massacre Huguenots in Paris (1572)
Other Protestant Reformers
The Anabaptists
• Anabaptists believe in separation of church and state,
oppose wars
• Forerunners of Mennonites and Amish
Woman’s Role in the Reformation
• Marguerite of Navarre protected Calvin in France
• Katrina Zell also protects reformers
• Katherina von Bora, Luther’s wife, promotes equality in
marriage
The Catholic Reformation
A Counter Reformation
• Catholic Reformation—seeks to reform Catholic Church
from within
Ignatius of Loyola
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Leading Catholic reformer
His Spiritual Exercises (1522) calls for meditation, prayer, and study
Pope creates Society of Jesus religious order, the Jesuits
Jesuits follow Ignatius, start schools, convert non-Christians
Continued…
The Catholic Reformation {continued}
Reforming Popes
• Pope Paul III and Pope Paul IV lead reforms
• Paul III calls Council of Trent to lay out reforms:
-Church’s interpretation of Bible is final
-Christians need faith and good works for salvation
-Bible and Church traditions equally important
-Indulgences are valid expressions of faith
• Use Inquisition to seek out heresy
• Paul IV issues Index of Forbidden Books (1559); books
burned
The Legacy of the Reformation
Religious and Social Effects of the Reformation
• Catholic Church is unified; Protestant denominations grow
• Catholics and Protestants create schools throughout Europe
• Status of women does not improve
Political Effects of the Reformation
• Catholic Church’s power lessens, power of monarchs and states
grow
• Reformation’s questioning of beliefs brings intellectual ferment
• Late 18th century sees a new intellectual movement—the
Enlightenment