Transcript Carbon Compounds

Today is Friday, January 11th
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Be sure to take a copy of
Chem w/s and
complete #1 - 9
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Organic vs. Inorganic
• View the organic molecules and compare them to
the inorganic molecules. What qualifies them as
“organic”?
• Organic
- C6H12O6
- CH11N5O4
- C2H4NO
• Inorganic
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–
–
–
CO2
H2O
NaCl
AgNO3
HCl
Organic Chem –
the study of C based compounds (must have both C & H)
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Carbon Compounds
I. Living things are made of carbon compounds
A. Organic
1. All living things are considered organic
compounds
2. Contains carbon & hydrogen atoms
3. DOES NOT MEAN that it is found in the organic
section in the Supermarket
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B. Inorganic
1. Does NOT contain carbon compounds
2. may have carbon but will have other
elements as well
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Organic vs. Inorganic w/s
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Intro to Orgo
II. Why Carbon?
A. It’s versatile – makes many structures or chains
B. 4 valence electrons (4 covalent bonds)
C. Form simple or complex compounds
D. chains form backbone of most biological molecules
(straight, bent, double bond, rings)
III. Four main organic compounds found in living things
A. Macromolecules
1. large molecules in living things
2. contains numerous amounts of atoms
Living organisms
• Four main organic
compounds found in
living things
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Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic Acids
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Carbohydrates
• Made of C, H, O
• Main source of energy
• Can be used for structural
purposes
• Glucose = immediate
energy
• Complex carbs ~
starches ~ stored
• Can have 4 valence
electrons
• Uses its versatility to form
chains
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• 4 classes:
– Carbohydrates
– Lipids
– Proteins
– Nucleic Acids
• Polymers – long
molecule made of
building blocks called
monomers
– Ex. Carbs, Proteins,
Nucleic acids
“mer”
Activity
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Carbohydrates
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We get most of their energy from carbs
Carbs are sugars, most end in “-ose”
Multiple of molecular formula: CH2O
Monosaccharides
– Monomers: simple sugars w/ 3-7 carbons
– Ex. (C6H12O6): Glucose, Fructose, Galactose
Carbohydrates (cont’d)
• Disaccharide – formed by 2
monosaccharides forming a glycosidic
linkage by dehydration synthesis
• Ex.
glucose + glucose  maltose + H2O
glucose + fructose  sucrose + H2O
glucose + galactose  lactose + H2O
Carbohydrates (cont’d)
• Polysaccharides: 100’s – 1,000’s of monosaccharides
joined by glycosidic linkages
• Storage polysaccharides:
– Starch AKA Amylose
• monomer-glucose (helical)
• Plants store starch in plastids, and hydrolyze when needed
– Glycogen
• Monomer – glucose (branched)
• Vertebrates temporarily store glycogen in liver & muscle
• Structural polysaccharides:
– Cellulose – plant cell walls
• Monomer – glucose (linear)
– Chitin
• Arthropod exoskeletons
• Fungi cell walls
Carbohydrates - Monosaccharide
• Mono = 1
• Saccharide = sugar
– Glucose
– Galactose
– Fructose
• Many
monosaccharide =
polysaccharides
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Carbohydrates Polysaccharides
• Animals store as
glycogen
• BS ↓ glycogen gets
released from liver
• Plants ~ starch is
stored excess sugar
• Cellulose gives
strength & rigidity
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Lipids
• No true monomer
• Made of C & H
• Used to store energy
effectiently (2x’s more
than carbs)
• Part of biological
membranes &
waterproof coverings
• Used as insulation
• Protective cushion
around organs
• Not soluble in H20
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Lipids
• Examples:
– Fats & oils
– Phospholipids
– Steroids
– Waxes
Fats & Oils
• Fat is assembled when a glycerol combines with a fatty acid
•
Two types of fats:
- saturated
- unsaturated
Saturated Fats
• When a carbon bond chain
is joined to another carbon
atom by a single bond
• Contain no double bonds
• Straight chain
• Have as many H’s as
possible
• Solid at room temperature
• Most animal fat
•
ex. Butter, lard, adipose
Unsaturated Fats (Oils)
• When there’s at least 1
double bond in a fatty
acid
• 1 or more C double
bond
• Chain is bent or kinked
• Most plants and fish fat
• Liquid at room
temperature
•
ex. olive oil, cod liver
oil, corn oil
Phospholipids
• Phosphate head – hydrophilic
- loves water
• Fatty Acid tails – hydrophobic
– Not soluable in water
• In water, phospholipids form a bilayer
• Phospholipid bilayer is major component
of cell membrane
Steroids
• 4 fused carbon
rings w/various
functional groups
• Ex. Cholesterol –
component of cell
membrane, and
many hormones
• Muscle building
Nucleic Acids
• Made mostly of C & P
• Some H,O, N, S
• Monomer is a nucleic
acid
• Function
– Store & transmit genetic
info
• Two kinds
– RNA – Ribonucleic
Acid
– DNA –
Deoxyribonucleic Acid24
Structure of Nucleic Acids
• Monomers – nucleotides
• Multiple nucleotides – polymers
– form nucleic acids
• composed of 3 parts:
– 5 carbon sugar
• Pentose (ribose or deoxyribose)
– Phosphate group
– Nitrogenous base
– In DNA : Cytosine (C); Thymine (T); Adenine (A); Guanine (G)
– In RNA : Cytosine (C); Uracil (U); Adenine (A); Guanine (G)
Nucleic Acids
2 types:
– RNA (ribonucleic acid)
• Single stranded, variety of shapes
• Transfers information from nucleus to cytoplasm (where proteins
are made)
– DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)
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Found in nucleus of eukarya
Double stranded helix
Provides directions for its own replication
Also directs RNA synthesis
Through RNA controls 10 structure of proteins
DNA RNA Proteins
DNA vs. RNA
DNA
RNA
Double Strand
Single Strand
Composed of bases A,T,G,C
Composed of bases A,U,G,C
Self-Replicating
Made from DNA strand
Found only in nucleus
Made in nucleus, then moves to
cytoplasm (ribosomes)
DNA is the template for the production of RNA, which is
then used to make proteins
DNA
RNA
Proteins
Another molecule of biological
importance:ATP
• Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) –
primary energy transferring
molecule in the cell
• ATP ↔ ADP + Pi + Energy
Proteins
• Contain N, H, C, & O
• consist amino acids
(AA)
– > 20 different
• Specific functions:
– Regulation
– Control reaction rate
– Bone & muscle
formation
– Transport substances
– Infection control
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Structure of Proteins
• 10 Structure (primary)
- Sequence of amino acid chain (length vary)
- Determined by genes
• 20 Structure (secondry)
– How polypeptide folds or coils
– Helix form
– Pleats form
Structure of Proteins
• 30 Structure (teritary)
- 3D (fold onto itself)
– H bonds
– Hydrophobic interaction
– Disulfide bridges
• 40 Structure –
– bonds to other polypeptides
– 2 or more polypeptide chains bonded together
Protein Conformation
• Structure of a protein is directly related to its function
• Protein conformation is determined when it is synthesized, and
maintained by chemical interactions
• Protein conformation also depends on environmental factors: pH,
salt concentration, temp…etc
• Protein can be denatured – unravel and lose conformation,
therefore biologically inactive… when conditions change again,
protein can be renatured (restored to normal)
Assignment:
- complete worksheet
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