Transcript Intro to Cell Biology Review

Intro to Cell Biology
Review
http://www.biologycorner.com/bio3/images/bloodcells3D.jpg
Looking at a drop of blood
under the microscope you
see this. Which of the
characteristics of living
things is this an example
of?
Made of cells
Which of the characteristics of
living things are these examples
of?
Reproduce
Family image from: http://babyhearing.org/Parenet2Parent/index.asp
Planaria animation: http://www.t3.rim.or.jp/~hylas/planaria/title.htm
http://www.animationlibrary.co
Which of the characteristics
of living things is this frog
demonstrating?
Grow and develop
Scientists are worried the Bird Flu virus will mutate
and become able to spread from person to person
causing a worldwide epidemic.
Which of the characteristics of living things is this an
example of?
Evolution; change over time
http://www.bcps.org/offices/lis/models/life/images/grow.JPG
Which of the characteristics
of living things is this boy
demonstrating?
Grow and develop
Your blood sugar is low and you stop at Taco John’s
for a late night snack. Your blood sugar goes back up.
Which of the characteristics of living things is this an
example of?
Respond to stimulus & homeostasis
Which of the following characteristics
of living things explains why birds fly
south for the winter?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Maintain internal balance
Made up of cells
Based on a universal genetic code
Respond to their environment
D. Living things respond to their environment
http://www.lincoln.midcoast.com/~del/butterfly
Which of the characteristics
of living things is this
butterfly demonstrating?
Grow and develop
People with diabetes lack the ability to
make the hormone which controls blood
sugar called ______________
insulin
http://school.discovery.com/clipart/clip/ani-turtle.html
Another name for
a “living thing”
organism
Particle found in the nucleus of
an atom with a positive charge
proton
↑
Which of these molecules could be used to
make glycogen, starch, or cellulose?
The carbohydrate molecule that
cells burn to release energy is
_______________.
glucose
Describes molecules that try to stay
away from water or other polar
molecules
Hydrophobic; non-polar
Scale used to measure acidity
pH
Which of these molecules is a protein?
Name the 2 kinds of nucleic acids
you learned about.
DNA and RNA
Proteins that help chemical
reactions happen faster
enzymes
= ___________
Enzymes work by ____________
decreasing
the activation energy required to
get a chemical reaction started.
increasing
decreasing
Structural polysaccharide used to
make plants sturdy
cellulose
Special kind of nucleotide used by
cells to store the energy released
from burning glucose.
ATP
RIBOSE
Image by Riedell
heterotroph
A human is a(n) ______________.
autotroph
heterotroph
Name 5 of the characteristics of
ALL living things.
Made of cells
Reproduce
Take in and use materials and energy
Maintain stable internal conditions (homeostasis)
Grow and develop
Respond to environment
Have a universal genetic code
As a group, change over time
Give an example of an autotroph.
Green plant
The hereditary information in
all living things is in the form
of a large molecule called
DNA
(deoxyribonucleic acid)
__________________________.
↑
Which of these molecules stores genetic info?
What ratio of carbon, hydrogen, and
oxygen atoms is seen in carbohydrates?
1:2:1; 1 carbon:2 hydrogen:1 oxygen
What is the chemical formula for
water?
H2O
Give an example of a heterotroph
Any animal (including humans),
Most bacteria
The 3 smaller particles found inside
neutrons
atoms are ____________,
_____________.
protons
and _____________.
electrons
Name this reaction
http://www.usd116.org/apalla/biology/unit3/notes/3notes1.htm
dehydration synthesisLosing water to make a bond
An organized way of using
evidence to learn about the
natural world
science
A short DNA segment that gives
the instructions for a protein
gene
Another name for a heterotroph
consumer
Atomic particle with a negative
charge electron
A signal to which an
organism responds
stimulus
Image from: http://www.travel-net.com/~andrews/images/animations/traffic.gif
Name the 4 molecules that are
important for all living things
Proteins, carbohydrates,
lipids, nucleic acids
Lipids that are made of many carbon and
hydrogen atoms are_________________
Non polar
Polar
non-polar
Electrons orbit the nucleus of an
__________
atom at very high speeds in
different energy levels.
Protons
neutrons
electrons
What kind of electric charge do
electrons have? negative
MOLECULES that have an uneven
pattern of electric charge (more + on one
side; more – on the other) are called
______________
polar
ATOMS that have gained or lost
electrons so that they have an electric
ions
charge are called ______.
HEMOGLOBIN that carries oxygen
in your blood, INSULIN that helps
cells store sugar, and DIGESTIVE
proteins
ENZYMES are all _____________.
Proteins
carbohydrates
nucleic
acids
lipids
carbohydrate
Glucose is a _______________.
Protein
carbohydrate
nucleic
acid
lipid
Which of these molecules is a phospholipid?
Name this reaction
http://www.usd116.org/apalla/biology/unit3/notes/images/Hydrolysis.jpg
Hydrolysis(adding water to break a bond)
Unfolding that happens to a protein
in extreme temperatures or pH that
causes it to change shape
denaturing
Stimulus that comes from outside
an organism
External stimulus
If you want to make RNA which
nitrogen bases CAN’T be used in the
#1 spot?
#1
#3
NO THYMINE (T)
#2
↑
Which of these molecules combines with
proteins to make cell membranes?
↑
Which of these molecules is a nucleotide?
How many different amino acids are
used by all living things to make
proteins?
20
This gray fish is
Heterotroph
a(n)____________
(Gets its food by eating other organisms)
Autotroph
Image from: http://www.epa.gov/region5/superfund/ecology/images/fishcartoon.gif
heterotroph
If you want to make DNA which
sugar CAN BE used in the
#2 spot?
#1
#3
#2
deoxyribose
The subunits that make nucleic acids
nucleotides
are called _____________
amino acids
carbohydrates
nucleotides
Glucose, sucrose, glycogen, and
starch are all examples of
________________.
carbohydrates
http://web.mit.edu/esgbio/www/lm/sugars/sugars.html
Macromolecule made by joining
MANY sugar molecules together in a
chain
polysaccharide
Amino acid subunits join together
proteins
to make _______________
Lipids
carbohydrates
nucleic
acids
proteins
Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine,
Guanine, and Uracil are used to make
Nucleotides
_____________________
polysaccharides
amino acids
nucleotides
lipids
If you want to make RNA which
sugar CAN BE used in the
#2 spot?
#1
#3
#2
ribose
Name a function of carbohydrates in
cells.
Burn for energy
Store energy for later
Structural (cellulose makes plants sturdy)
Cell ID (part of glycoproteins)
Phospholipids that make
up cell membranes have
a polar _________.
head
head
tail
What ending is found at the end of the
name of most enzymes?
-ase
Match the building block with the molecule it makes.
Proteins
nucleic acids
lipids
carbohydrates
Nucleotide and amino acid images by Riedell
Nucleic
acids
____________________
Proteins
____________________
Carbohydrates
____________________
Glucose from: http://www.estrellamountain.edu/faculty/farabee/biobk/BioBookCHEM2.html
What are some factors that can
influence an enzyme’s activity?
Temperature & pH
If you want to make DNA which
nitrogen bases CAN’T be used in the
#1 spot?
#1
#3
NO URACIL (U)
#2
If you want to make DNA which
nitrogen bases CAN BE used in the
#1 spot?
#1
A, T, C, or G
(BUT NOT U)
#3
#2
The process of changing from a stem
cell to different looking cells with
different functions
differentiation
Name the 4 main macromolecules used
to make living things
Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins,
& nucleic acids
The subunits made of a nitrogen
base, and sugar, and a phosphate
group used to make nucleic acids
nucleotides
Polysaccharide used by animal cells
to store glucose for later
glycogen
http://www.msu.edu/course/lbs/145/smith/s02/graphics/campbell_5.6.gif
Organism that can capture energy from
sunlight or chemicals and use it to
produce its own food; also called a
producer
autotroph
Process in which offspring are
produced by combining genetic material
from 2 parents
Sexual reproduction
↑
Which of these molecules is a nucleic acid?
Carbohydrate molecule like glucose
that is made from only ONE sugar
molecule
monosaccharide
Scale used to measure acidity
pH
Molecule formed when a substrate bonds
to the active site of an enzyme
Enzyme-substrate complex
Name the 3 parts of a nucleotide
#1
#3
#2
nitrogen base (A, T, C, G, or U)
#1 = __________________
Sugar (deoxyribose or ribose)
#2 = __________________
phosphate
#3 = __________________
Organism that obtains energy from
the food it consumes; also called
a consumer
heterotroph
Process in which offspring are
produced from the genetic material
of a single parent
Asexual reproduction
http://faculty.stcc.edu/rapp/biol102/biology_links.htm
Molecule that is REALLY,
REALLY BIG
macromolecule
Stimulus that comes from inside
an organism
internal stimulus
The basic unit of life is the ________.
cell
The process in which cells change
as they grow and develop to
become specialized with different
functions
differentiation
http://www.ncu.edu.tw/~ls/graph/faculty_pictures/whole_time/SLC/SLC_lab-1.jpg
Another name for an autotroph
producer
Neutral particle found in the
nucleus of an atom neutron
Molecule such as glycogen, starch, or
cellulose, made by joining many
monosaccharide (sugar) molecules
together polysaccharide
http://fig.cox.miami.edu/~cmallery/150/chemistry/fig5x27b.jpg
5 carbon sugar used to
make RNA
ribose
Macromolecule made of a polar
glycerol phosphate head and
non- polar tails used to
make cell membranes
phospholipid
Image by Riedell
All the chemical reactions through
which an organism builds up or
breaks down materials as it carries out
its life processes
metabolism
Organism made of many cells
multicellular
Molecules found in living things
that contain CARBON
organic
Protein that carries oxygen found
in red blood cells
hemoglobin
Kind of chemical reaction used by cells
to join molecules together by removing
an H and OH to make a water molecule
Dehydration synthesis
http://www.chemicalconnection.org.uk/chemistry/topics/images/pp3.jpg
Process by which organisms maintain a
relatively stable internal environment
homeostasis
Substances produced during a chemical
reaction that are found on the right
side of a chemical equation
products
Describes a polar molecule that mixes
easily with water; means “water
loving”
hydrophilic
Small unit that can join together with
other small units to form polymers
monomer
Image by Riedell
Which of these molecules could be used to
make an RNA molecule?
The carbohydrate molecule that
cells burn to release energy
glucose
Place on an enzyme where the
substrate attaches
Active site
http://www.biologie.uni-hamburg.de/b-online/library/cat-removed/enzyme_.gif
http://faculty.clintoncc.suny.edu/faculty/Michael.Gregory/files/Bio%20101/Bio%20101%20Lectures/Membranes/membrane.htm
Molecule made of a protein with
carbohydrates attached found
in cell membranes that helps
in cell identification
glycoprotein
Protein hormone, missing in people
with diabetes, that tells cells to store
glucose as glycogen
insulin
Which of these molecules is a polysaccharide?
Energy required to get a
chemical reaction started
http://www.chuckwagondiner.com/art/matches.jpg
Activation energy
Attraction between oppositely
charged regions of nearby molecules
Van der Waals forces
Substance that speeds up a chemical
reaction by decreasing the
activation energy
catalyst
The process plants use to capture
energy from the sun and make glucose
photosynthesis
Organism made of only one cell
unicellular
Chemical reaction in which a molecule
is broken apart by the addition of the
H and OH from a water molecule
hydrolysis
Protein that acts as a biological
catalyst in living things to help
chemical reactions happen faster
enzyme
Attraction between oppositely charged
regions of nearby molecules involving
the hydrogen atoms of one molecule
and the partially
negatively charged
atoms in another
molecule
Hydrogen bonds
Images from: http://www.estrellamountain.edu/faculty/farabee/biobk/BioBookCHEM2.html
Which of these molecules is an amino acid?
Macromolecule that contains carbon,
hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen, made
by joining amino acid subunits
protein
Molecule with an uneven pattern of
electric charges; More + on one side/
more – on the other
polar
Image from: http://www.estrellamountain.edu/faculty/farabee/biobk/BioBookCHEM2.html
Image from: http://fig.cox.miami.edu/~cmallery/150/chemistry/fig5x27b.jpg
5 carbon sugar used to make DNA
deoxyribose
An atom that has gained or lost
electrons so it has an electric charge
ion
Substances on the left side of a
chemical equation which react
reactants
Describes a non-polar molecule that tries to
stay away from water;
hydrophobic
means “water fearing”
One of the components (including
adenine, thymine, guanine, cytosine,
or uracil) that make up nucleotides
Nitrogen bases
Compound made up of carbon, hydrogen, and
oxygen atoms usually in a ratio of
1 C: 2 H: 1 O which is a major source of
energy for the human body
carbohydrate
Large molecule made by joining
smaller monomer subunits together
polymer
Image by Riedell
Macromolecule made mainly of carbon and
hydrogen atoms; includes fats, oils, and
waxes and steroids, which is generally
hydrophobic
lipid
Macromolecule made of nucleotide subunits
containing carbon, hydrogen, oxygen,
nitrogen, and phosphorus which stores and
transports information in cells and helps
in protein synthesis
nucleic acid
If you want to make RNA which
nitrogen bases CAN BE used in the
#1 spot?
#1
A, U, C, or G
(BUT NOT T)
#3
#2
Single stranded nucleic acid that contains
the sugar ribose and the nitrogen bases
adenine, guanine, cytosine, and uracil
RNA (ribonucleic acid)
Subunit used to make proteins made up
of a carbon atom attached to
a hydrogen,
a carboxyl group (-COOH),
an amino group
(-NH2) , and a variable R group
Amino acid
Image by Riedell
Polysaccharide used by PLANT cells
to store glucose for later
starch
http://bioweb.wku.edu/courses/BIOL115/Wyatt/Biochem/Carbos/Carb_poly.gif
The science of life (study of
living things) is called
_______________
biology
What does DNA stand for?
Deoxyribonucleic acid
RIBOSE
Which of these molecules is used by cells
to store and transport energy?