Transcript Macromolecules

Compare and Contrast inorganic and organic molecules
Carbon Dioxide (CO2)
Glucose (C6H12O6)
Water (H2O)
Methane (CH4)
4 Major Macromolecules -
• Proteins
• Carbohydrates
• Nucleic acids
• Lipids
These organic molecules comprise
approximately 25% of all living organisms !
Contrast the terms monomer and polymer
Monomers are the building blocks of
polymers
Ex: Amino Acids -> Proteins (Polypeptides)
How do we build and breakdown macromolecules?
How do we build and breakdown macromolecules?
Monomers: monosaccharides
Monomers: monosaccharides
Covalently Joining Monosaccharides together…
How does variation in molecular building blocks provide cells with
a wider range of functions?
How does variation in molecular building blocks provide cells with
a wider range of functions?
Starches—major energy storage molecule in
plants
Glycogen—major energy storage molecule in
animals
Cellulose—major structural component of
“plant-like” cell walls
**These polysaccharides are ALL comprised
entirely of glucose monomers**
Images of Three Major Polysaccharides
How are lipids different from carbohydrates, even though they are
composed of the same three elements?
Lipids are
insoluble in water
because of many
nonpolar covalent
bonds.
Widest Variation
among molecules
Functions…
Figure 2.12 Saturated Fatty Acid (Part 1)
Figure 2.12 Unsaturated Fatty Acid (Part 2)
Explain the difference between a saturated fatty acid and an
unsaturated fatty acid. Structure function relationship…
Saturated versus Unsaturated Fatty Acids…
THINK ABOUT IT:
At night, the cotton plant
can avoid freezing by
increasing the number of
unsaturated fatty acids in
its cell membranes…
How does this enhance its
survival?
Figure 2.13 B Phospholipids
Nucleic Acids: Monomers - Nucleotides
3 components of a Nucleotide:
Polymers of Nucleic Acids: Examples!
The CENTRAL DOGMA OF BIOLOGY! DNA->RNA->Protein
A change in DNA sequence can affect all levels
of organism function!
Amino Acids: The building blocks of proteins
20 different types in most
biological systems
Same general structure
with a variable “R”
group
Covalently bonding Amino Acids to form a Protein:
The four levels of protein structure – Due to its extreme complexity
Primary structure: The sequence of amino
acids in a polypeptide chain
Interactions: Peptide Bonds
Concept 3.2 Proteins Are Polymers with Important Structural and
Metabolic Roles
Secondary structure – helices and pleated
sheet structures seen in proteins
Interactions: H-bonds between H of one
amino acid and O of nonadjacent a.a.s
Concept 3.2 Proteins Are Polymers with Important Structural and
Metabolic Roles
Tertiary structure: Specific, unique 3D
structure of a protein
Interactions: R-group interactions between
each other and the environment
Ex: nonpolar attractions, + and –
attractions, hydrophilic interactions with
water
Figure 3.9 The Structure of a Protein
Quarternary Structure
Quaternary structure—Structure that results
from multiple polypeptide chains interacting
(ex: insulin, hemoglobin)
Digestive Enzymes!!
How can changes in molecular units of proteins result in a wider
range of function?
Fetal versus
Adult
hemoglobin:
Antibody Diversity
Denaturation: Which level of protein structure would be disrupted
first? Which level of protein structure would be the hardest to
disrupt?
Changes in the environment resulting in changes
in the 3D structure of a protein -> disrupts
function
Tertiary disrupted first; Primary hardest to disrupt
THINK ABOUT IT:
How did this lesson demonstrate the
relationship between structure and function
of biological molecules?
Shape determines function is a MAJOR
theme in biology. What determines the
shape of these organic compounds?