Chapter 5 - SchoolRack
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Transcript Chapter 5 - SchoolRack
Chapter 5
The Structure and Function of
Macromolecules
Introductory Terms
Macromolecule = “giant” molecule of
living matter
Monomer = subunits that serve as the
building blocks of a polymer
Example: Lego block
Polymer = monomers linked together
Example: Lego castle
Macromolecular Reactions
Dehydration
Synthesis:
2 molecules
become
covalently bonded
to each other
through the loss of
water
Hydrolysis:
Water is used to
break up polymers
into monomers
Macromolecular Diversity
Diversity in polymers is due to
differing arrangements of
monomers…
Nearly infinite possibilities…
Alphabet analogy
Carbohydrates
Structure:
C:H:O in a 1:2:1 Ratio
Example: C6H12O6
Functions:
Short-term energy storage
• Pasta dinner before the big race, game,
etc.
Structural Support
Carbohydrates
Monosaccharides:
“one sugar”
C:H:O Ratio =
1:2:1
Glucose
(C6H12O6) is a
monosaccharide
Carbohydrates
Disaccharides:
“double sugar”
2 monosaccharides
joined together by a
glycosidic linkage
(covalent bond)
Sucrose = glucose +
fructose
Carbohydrates
Polysaccharides
Polymers in which a few
hundred to a few
thousand
monosaccharides are
linked together
Starch and glycogen are
examples
Carbohydrates
Structural Polysaccharides
Cellulose
• Major component of plant
cell walls
• Cannot be digested by
humans
• Fiber!
Chitin
• Used by arthropods to build
exoskeletons
• Cell wall of fungi
Lipids
Structure:
Made up of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen
Do not dissolve in water
Functions:
Long-term energy storage
Chemical messengers (hormones)
Insulation
Waxes
Lipids
Fats
Made of glycerol
and 3 fatty acids
Fatty acid has a
long carbon
skeleton and a
carboxyl group
C-H bonds
responsible for
hydrophobia of
fats
Lipids
Fats
Saturated Fat =
no double bonds
• Saturated with
hydrogen
Unsaturated Fat =
double bonds
• Not saturated with
hydrogen
Lipids
Phospholipids
Have only 2 fatty
acids
Instead of 3rd fatty
acid, they have a
phosphate group
Major component
of cell membrane
Lipids
Steroids
Made up of 4
interconnected
rings
Examples:
• Cholesterol
• Testosterone
• Estrogen
Proteins ***
Most of a cell is made up of proteins
Instrumental in almost everything organisms
do
Structure:
All proteins are created from unique
combinations of 20 different amino acids
C,H,O,N
Major Functions:
Structure
Defense (antibodies)
Enzymes
Proteins
Amino Acids
Amino acids are the monomers of
proteins
Organic molecules possessing both
carboxyl and amino groups
20 types of AAs that make up 1000s
of different proteins
AAs are linked together by peptide
bonds
Amino Acids
Proteins
A protein is one or more polypeptides precisely twisted, folded and
coiled into a molecule of unique shape (3-D)
4 Levels of Protein Structure
Primary Structure
• Unique sequence of AAs
• Example: Tryptophan-leucine-glycine-glycine-lysine-phenylalanine-serine-leucine
• Sickle Cell Anemia
Proteins
Secondary Structure:
Proteins
Tertiary Structure:
Proteins
Quaternary Structure:
Proteins
Denaturation:
When pH, salt
concentration,
temperature, and/or
other environmental
factors are altered,
the protein may
unravel and lose its
shape
Biologically inactive
Structure + function
Nucleic Acids
Structure
Function
Made up of long
chains of
nucleotides
CHNOPS
Carries genetic
material from one
generation to the
next
DNA and RNA