Transcript Organic Molecule

Organic Molecules
AKA Macromolecules
Organic Molecules
• Organic Molecule= A molecule that
contains carbon and hydrogen; it may also
have O, N.
• Formed by biotic factors
Carbon
• Has four electrons in
outer shell, therefore
make up to four
covalent bonds with
four other atoms.
• It can also bond itself
to form both chains
and rings. Carbon
chains make up the
skeleton or “backbone”
of organic molecules.
Macromolecules
• Macromolecules
• Giant moleculesmade from
thousands of
smaller molecules.
• The smaller unit =
monomers,
• Many monomers
joined together =
polymers.
Formation and Breakdown of
Polymers
Condensation synthesis: when a water molecule
is removed in order to form a bond between two
monomers. (an –OH group is removed from one
molecule and a hydrogen (H) is removed from
the other.)
• Usually endergonic
Hydrolysis: The means by which polymers are
broken down. A water molecule is added to
break the bond between monomers.
• Usually exergonic
The 4 Types of
Macromolecules
Macromolecule
(Polymer)
Monomers
Function(s) for
cells
Examples
Indicator
Organic Molecule
Evidence of positive
test
Food items that tested
positive
Carbohydrates
Functions: Energy source for cells & support and
rigidity.
Monomer
 Monosacharrides simple sugar, used directly by
cell for energy (Glucose & Fructose)
Polymers:
 Disaccharides: 2 monosaccharides linked
together.
- Glucose + Fructose  Sucrose + H2O
 Polysacharrides
Polysaccharides
• Many monosaccharides linked together.
• Use in cells:
– short term energy storage
– Support / rigidity
• Ex: Starch: energy storage in plants
Glycogen: energy storage in animals
Cellulose: support in plants (cell walls,
wood)
Chiten: support in animals
(exoskeletons, stitches)
Polysaccharides are made from
many monosaccharides
Macromolecule
(Polymer)
Monomers
Function in cells
Example
Disaccharides,
Polysaccharides
Monosacharride,
Energy use, short
term energy
storage, support
and rigidity
Glucose (M),
Fructose (M),
sucrose(D)
Starch(P),
chiten(P),
cellulose(P)
Indicator demo
Fill out the graphic organizer after observing
the carbohydrate demonstration
1) Why didn’t sugar water test positive for
sugars?
Lipids
Function: Long term energy storage,
protection, communication, insulation
Monomers: (2 different types)
- Glycerol
- 3 Fatty acids
2 Types of Fatty Acids
Saturated: If each carbon atom in a lipid’s fatty
acid has single covalent bonds.
- Results in straight chains(Solid at room
temp.)
- Animal fats
Unsaturated: If there is at least one carboncarbon double covalent bond in a fatty acid.
- Results in wavy chains(Liquid at room
temp.)
- Plant fat
Other Lipids
• Waxes: Used by cells for protection (from
what?)
• Steroids: Cell to cell communication (what
to say?)
Indicator demo
Fill out the graphic organizer after observing
the results to the Lipid demonstration
2) Using the concepts of polarity (and your
water demo), explain why the lipids made
a translucent spot on the brown paper
towel, while the water did not.
Proteins
Functions:
• Transport (hemoglobin in blood O2 )
• Defense (antibodies)
• Regulation (enzymes = speed up chemical
reactions)
• Physical Variety (eye color, hair texture,
skin pigment)
• Muscle contraction
Monomers of Proteins
Amino Acids: Many bonded together as a chain
- Millions of different proteins in nature. How many
different amino acids to make them?
Amino Acids Contd
• 20 different Amino Acids use to make all of
life’s proteins.
• How can there be so many different
proteins when there are only 20 different
amino acids?
• Amino acids are connected by peptide
bonds (protein aka polypeptide)
Indicator demo
Fill out the graphic organizer after observing
the results to the protein demonstration
Nucleic Acids
Function: Complex macromolecule that
stores information in the form of a code for
building all of a cells different proteins.
Monomers:
• Nucleotides consist of three parts:
• a 5-carbon sugar
• a phosphate group
• a nitrogenous base
Nucleotide
Nucleic Acids: Examples
DNA: The genetic
information for
all cells
proteins.
- Ability to
replicate itself
(information
can be
inherited)
Nucleic Acids Examples
• RNA
• ATP
Indicator demo
3) Why is there not a test for nucleic acids in
food items?