Transcript Turbo TAKS
Turbo TAKS Week 2 Lesson 1- Cells Lesson 2- Taxonomy Lesson 3- DNA Lesson 4- Protein Synthesis Lesson 1: Cells 2 Types of Cells Prokaryotes- “pro”= no; “kary”- nucleus – DOES NOT CONTAIN A NUCLEUS OR MEMBRANE BOUND ORGANELLES – Example: Bacteria Eukaryotes- “eu”= true; “kary”- nucleus - CONTAINS A NUCLEUS - CONTAINS MEMBRANE-BOUND ORGANELLES - Examples: Plant and Animal MAJOR ORGANELLES Cell Processes • Permeability – Diffusion vs. Osmosis • Cell Reproduction – Mitosis vs. Meiosis • Photosynthesis – Carbon dioxide + water + sun glucose + oxygen • Cell Respiration – Glucose + Oxygen Carbon dioxide + water + ATP • Storage and Transport Lesson 2: Taxonomy Classification The largest and least specific category is a Kingdom Organisms are then placed into more specific groups in a particular order Animals are called by there genus and species name Ex] Panthera pardus or Homo sapiens Classification Animals most closely related will be in the same levels of classification Test tip: Most closely related organisms will have the same genus!!! Group Domestic Cat Leopard Deer Kingdom Animalia Animalia Animalia Phylum Chordata Chordata Chordata Class Mammalia Mammalia Mammalia Order Carnivora Carnivora Artiodactyla Family Felidae Felidae Cervidae Genus Felis Panthera Odocoileus Species Felis cattus Panthera pardus Odocoileus virginianus Which 2 are most closely related? How do you know? Kingdoms of Life 2 Prokaryotic Kingdoms: • Archaebacteria • • Lives in harsh conditions (without oxygen, extreme temperatures, in different chemical environments) Eubacteria • Bacteria found on and around us • Remember: makes you sick! Kingdoms 4 Eukaryotic Kingdoms: • Fungi – Decomposers/ heterotrophic – Mushrooms • Protista – Is mush pot kingdom (has characteristics of other 3 eukaryotic kingdoms) – Live in water – Amoebas, paramecium, euglenas – Has pseudopodia, cilia and/or flagella for movement • Plantae – Multicellular – Autotrophic – True roots, stems, and leaves • Animalia – Multicellular – Motile (able to move) Lesson 3: DNA D Deoxyribonucleic Acid structure C G D P P P Nucleotide C G Phosphat e group D D the building blocks of DNA P P T D D Nucleotides- P P D Nitrogen Base T D P P There are four kinds of nitrogen bases, so there are four kinds of nucleotides... D P C G D Deoxyribose Adenine,Cytosine, Guanine, and Thymine P D C D T G D Cytosine pairs with Guanine... P P D P Adenine pairs with Thymine. Because of its chemical properties, DNA is shaped like a Double Helix (twisted ladder) NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE The order of the nucleotides forms the unique genetic code for the organism. The more closely related two organisms are, the more alike the order of their nucleotides will be. DNA replication – DNA makes a copy of its self Mutation – A change in the sequence of nucleotides – Can happen in any cell, but only can be passed on to offspring if occurs in gamete cells Lesson 4: Protein Synthesis DNA Replication Copying a DNA molecule is called REPLICATION (A = T; C = G) This is needed for mitosis and meiosis Transcription DNA codes for proteins. The Order of the nucleotides is the code for which protein will be made. Making a copy of RNA from DNA is TRANSCRIPTION (A = U; C=G) Occurs in the nucleus Translation The message on the RNA is read by ribosomes that translate that message into a protein Occurs in the cytoplasm on ribosomes Genetic Code • Based on mRNA sequence • Every three letters (codons) is an amino acid • Ex] CCC codes for Proline