Transcript Metabolism Review - Local.brookings.k12.sd.us

AP BIOLOGY
Chapter 8, 9, & 10
Metabolism
Enzymes, Photosynthesis, Respiration
Kelly Riedell Brookings Biology
The FIRST
_____ Law of Thermodynamics
states that energy can be transformed
and transferred by NEVER created or
destroyed
Anabolic pathways
→ consume energy to build molecules
release energy by breaking down molecules
The measure of disorder or randomness
(symbolized by S) entropy
The SECOND
_______ Law of Thermodynamics
states that every energy transfer or
transformation increases the entropy
of the universe.
Chemical reactions with a NEGATIVE
free energy (- Δ G) are ____________
exergonic
endergonic
exergonic
Chemical reactions with a POSITIVE
endergonic
free energy (+ Δ G) are ____________
endergonic
exergonic
Most enzymes belong to which group
of macromolecules? proteins
Molecules that speed up chemical
catalysts
reactions are called ____________
Energy associated with moving objects is
called _______
kinetic energy
Catabolic pathways
consume energy to build molecules
→ release energy by breaking down molecules
potential
Chemical energy is a form of ___________
energy
kinetic
potential
Reactions that release free energy
exergonic
are called ______________
exergonic
endergonic
negative
The hydrolysis of ATP is a ________ ΔG
reaction.
Catalytic proteins that speed up chemical
reactions in living things are called
enzymes
____________
Reactions that absorb free energy
endergonic
are called ______________
exergonic
endergonic
Chemical reactions with a NEGATIVE
free energy (- Δ G) are ____________
spontaneous
spontaneous
nonspontaneous
Region on an enzyme where regulatory
Allosteric site
molecules can bind = ______________
Chemical reactions with a POSITIVE
nonspontaneous
free energy (+ Δ G) are ____________
spontaneous nonspontaneous
The initial investment of energy for
starting a chemical reaction is called
Activation energy OR
the _______________
Energy of activation
The place on an enzyme where the
active site
substrate attaches = _____________
Chemical reactions with a NEGATIVE
spontaneous
free energy (- Δ G) are ____________
spontaneous nonspontaneous
Which kinds of bonds hold the substrate
to the active site of an enzyme?
Weak interactions like hydrogen & ionic bonds
Nonprotein “helpers” for catalytic activty
cofactors
are called ______________
If a cofactor is an organic molecule it
coenzyme
is called a ____________
Which kind of food molecules often
act as coenzymes?
vitamins
A molecule that mimics a substrate,
binds to the active site, and reduces
the activity of an enzyme is called
COMPETITIVE
a(n) _______________
inhibitor.
FEEDBACK
In ___________
inhibition, a metabolic
pathway is switched off by the binding
of its end product to one of the
enzymes at the beginning of the
pathway.
Essential knowledge 4.B.1: Interactions between molecules affect their structure and function.
Essential knowledge 4.B.1: a. Change in the structure of a molecular system may result in a change of the function of the system. [See also 3.D.3]
NONCOMPETITIVE inhibitors slow down
______________
enzymatic reactions by binding to a
site other than the active site and
causing a change in the enzyme’s shape
The change in the shape of the active
site of an enzyme after the substrate
attaches so that it binds more snugly
INDUCED FIT
is called _____________
Essential knowledge 4.B.1: b. The shape of enzymes, active sites and interaction with specific molecules are essential for basic functioning of the enzyme.
Essential knowledge 4.B.1: b 1. For an enzyme-mediated chemical reaction to occur, the substrate must be complementary to the surface properties (shape
and charge) of the active site. In other words, the substrate must fit into the enzyme's active site.
Essential knowledge 4.B.1: c. Other molecules and the environment in which the enzyme acts can enhance or inhibit enzyme activity. Molecules can bind
reversibly or irreversibly to the active or allosteric sites, changing the activity of the enzyme.
When the binding of one substrate
molecule primes an enzyme to accept
additional substrate molecules more
readily it is called COOPERATIVITY
______________
The arrow in the diagram is showing
ACTIVATION ENERGY of this
the _________________
reaction.
The arrow in the diagram is showing
CHANGE IN FREE ENERGY (ΔG) of
the ______________________
this reaction.
When you did this lab to investigate
the breakdown of H2O2 by catalase,
what was the purpose of adding
sulfuric acid?
Acid denatures the catalase
enzyme and stops the reaction
Why does this graph level off after 4 minutes?
Product does not increase any more
because enzyme has run out of substrate
Essential knowledge 4.B.1.d. The change in function of an enzyme can be interpreted from data regarding the concentrations of product or substrate as a
function of time. These representations demonstrate the relationship between an enzyme's activity, the disappearance of substrate,and/ or presence of a
competitive inhibitor.
Name the cell part that contains
catalase to break down peroxide.
peroxisome
When hydrogen peroxide is broken
down, what gas is produced?
oxygen
+ Δ G because
This reaction has a ___
the energy of the products is
greater then the reactants
-
This reaction has a ___ Δ G because
the energy of the products is less
then the reactants
How would adding an enzyme change the
graph of this reaction?
Enzymes lower the activation energy of
chemical reactions but don’t change the
energy of the products
Cells manage their energy resources by
using the energy from exergonic (-ΔG)
reactions to drive endergonic (+ΔG)
reactions in a process called
Energy coupling
____________________
ADP + Pi → ATP
+
This is a __ ΔG reaction.
Essential knowledge 2.A.1: b.1. Order is maintained by coupling cellular processes that increase entropy (and so have negative changes in free energy)
with those that decrease entropy (and so have positive changes in free energy).
Essential knowledge 2.A.1: b 3. Energetically favorable exergonic reactions, such as ATP®ADP, that have a negative change in free energy can be used
to maintain or increase order in a system by being coupled with reactions that have a positive free energy change.
ADP + Pi → ATP
+
This is a __ ΔG reaction
The energy required for this reaction
burning organic molecules
comes from __________________
like glucose during
cellular respiration
Essential knowledge 2.A.1: b 3. Energetically favorable exergonic reactions, such as ATP®ADP, that have a negative change in free energy can be
used to maintain or increase order in a system by being coupled with reactions that have a positive free energy change.
Cellular respiration uses glucose, which
has a high level of free energy and
releases CO2 and H2O which have low
levels of free energy.
Is respiration spontaneous or not?
spontaneous
Is it exergonic or endergonic?
exergonic
Organisms that can’t make their own food and
must capture free energy from organic
molecules made by other organisms are
called ______________
Heterotrophs OR consumers
If oxygen is present these organic molecules
are metabolized by which process found in
mitochondria? CELLULAR RESPIRATION
If no oxygen is available these organic
compounds are metabolized by which process
found in the cytoplasm? FERMENTATION
Essential knowledge 2.A.2: Organisms capture and store free energy for use in biological processes.
b. Heterotrophs capture free energy present in carbon compounds produced by other organisms.
Evidence of student learning is a demonstrated understanding of each of the following:
1. Heterotrophs may metabolize carbohydrates, lipids and proteins by hydrolysis as sources of free energy.
2. Fermentation produces organic molecules, including alcohol and lactic acid, and it occurs in the absence of oxygen
. Essential knowledge 2.A.1: c. Energy-related pathways in biological systems are sequential and may be entered at multiple points in the pathway. [See also 2.A.2]
To foster student understanding of this concept, instructors can choose an illustrative example such as:
~ Glycolysis
~ Fermentation
Organisms that can capture free
energy from the environment to make
their own food are called
______________
Autotrophs OR producers
Photosynthetic organisms capture
energy from _______________
SUNLIGHT
Chemosynthetic organisms capture
energy from ______________
INORGANIC MOLECULES
in their environment.
Essential knowledge 2.A.2: Organisms capture and store free energy for use in biological processes.
a. Autotrophs capture free energy from physical sources in the environment.
1. Photosynthetic organisms capture free energy present in sunlight.
2. Chemosynthetic organisms capture free energy from small inorganic molecules present in their environment, and this process can occur in the absence
of oxygen.
How does the 2nd LAW of
thermodynamics help explain the
diffusion of a substance across a
membrane?
The 2nd Law is the tendency toward
randomness. Having equal concentrations on
both sides of a membrane is more random
than unequal concentrations. Diffusion from
high concentration to low INCREASES THE
ENTROPY as mandated by the 2nd law
Living organisms take simpler substances
and build them into more complicated
systems, decreasing entropy, why does
this NOT VIOLATE the 2nd LAW of
thermodynamics ?
2nd Law of Thermodynamics refers to
CLOSED systems. Living things are OPEN
systems and constantly take in energy and
materials from outside to maintain order
and allow the decrease in entropy.
Draw a diagram to show 2 ways
(ALLOSTERIC) NON-COMPETITIVE
INHIBITORS work
NON-COMPETITVE (ALLOSTERIC) INHIBITION
Draw a graph of FREE ENERGY of
PRODUCTS and REACTANTS over time in a
NEGATIVE ∆ G chemical reaction. Label
ACTIVATION ENERGY and ∆G
Draw a graph of FREE ENERGY of
PRODUCTS and REACTANTS over time in a
NEGATIVE ∆ G chemical reaction. Label
ACTIVATION ENERGY and ∆G
How does adding an enzyme change this graph?
How does it change the ∆G of this reaction?
Enzymes decrease activation energy needed to get a
reaction started.
NO CHANGE in overall ∆G of reaction.
Energy of products and reactants stay the same.
Essential knowledge 4.B.1: Interactions between molecules affect their structure and function.
a. Change in the structure of a molecular system may result in a change of the function of the system. [See also 3.D.3]
Draw a graph of FREE ENERGY versus time
showing the PRODUCTS and REACTANTS
for a NEGATIVE ∆ G and a POSITIVE ∆G
REACTION.
How does the energy of reactants and
products compare in these two kinds of
reactions?
Label these as: spontaneous or not?
endergonic/exergonic?
EXERGONIC REACTION
∆G < 0
Reaction is spontaneous
Energy of reactants is
greater than energy of products
EXERGONIC REACTION
∆G > 0
Reaction is NOT spontaneous
Energy of products is greater
than energy of reactants
Draw and label a picture of an enzyme showing its
active and allosteric sites. Include a substrate
molecule in your drawing.
Essential knowledge 4.B.1: Interactions between molecules affect their structure and function.
b. The shape of enzymes, active sites and interaction with specific molecules are essential for basic functioning of the enzyme.
Evidence of student learning is a demonstrated understanding of each of the following:
1. For an enzyme-mediated chemical reaction to occur, the substrate must be complementary to the surface properties (shape and charge) of the active site. In
other words, the substrate must fit into the enzyme's active site.
Add a competitive inhibitor to your diagram.
How would this change the rate of this reaction?
Adding a competitive inhibitor would decrease
the reaction rate
Essential knowledge 4.B.1: Interactions between molecules affect their structure and function.
b. The shape of enzymes, active sites and interaction with specific molecules are essential for basic functioning of the enzyme.
Learning Objective:
LO 4.17 The student is able to analyze data to identify how molecular interactions affect structure and function. [See SP 5.1]
How would increasing substrate concentration change
the rate of this reaction?
Adding more substrate increases the chance of a substrate
molecule interacting with the active site. Reaction rate would
increase
Essential knowledge 4.B.1: Interactions between molecules affect their structure and function.
b. The shape of enzymes, active sites and interaction with specific molecules are essential for basic functioning of the enzyme.
Learning Objective:
LO 4.17 The student is able to analyze data to identify how molecular interactions affect structure and function. [See SP 5.1]
Image modified from: http://mgh-images.s3.amazonaws.com/9780073402659/1748-18-164PEI1.png
What is the optimum pH for Enzyme 3? Approximately
pH 9
Which enzyme do you think would be most active in
the stomach? EXPLAIN WHY?
Enzyme 1- optimum at acidic pH
Essential knowledge 4.B.1: Interactions between molecules affect their structure and function.
a. Change in the structure of a molecular system may result in a change of the function of the system. [See also 3.D.3]
b. The shape of enzymes, active sites and interaction with specific molecules are essential for basic functioning of the enzyme.
Why does this graph level out after 4 minutes?
Enzyme has converted all substrate to products
Essential knowledge 4.B.1: Interactions between molecules affect their structure and function.
d. The change in function of an enzyme can be interpreted from data regarding the concentrations of product or substrate as a function of time. These
representations demonstrate the relationship between an enzyme's activity, the disappearance of substrate,and/ or presence of a competitive inhibitor.
Describe what is
happening at different
points on this graph?
A- At low substrate concentrations the rate of reaction is slow. Chances
for enzyme and substrate to interact is low. As substrate concentration
increases, rate of reaction increases because there is more substrate
available to interact with enzyme up to a point.
B- At a certain point, increasing substrate concentration has less and less
effect on rate of reaction because the enzymes are becoming saturated
and are working as fast as they can.
Essential knowledge 4.B.1: Interactions between molecules affect their structure and function.
d. The change in function of an enzyme can be interpreted from data regarding the concentrations of product or substrate as a function of time. These
representations demonstrate the relationship between an enzyme's activity, the disappearance of substrate,and/ or presence of a competitive inhibitor.
At which temperature does enzyme A perform best?
Approximately 37º C
At which temperature does enzyme B perform best?
Approximately 77º C
Which of these is found in humans and which comes from a
thermophilic (heat-loving) bacteria? EXPLAIN YOUR
ANSWER Enzyme A = human Enzyme B = thermophilic bacteria
Enzyme A has an optimum near human body temp and would be nonfunctional at higher temps where these bacteria are found. Enzyme B has
an optimum that would allow it to function at higher temperatures
Essential knowledge 4.B.1: Interactions between molecules affect their structure and function.
d. The change in function of an enzyme can be interpreted from data regarding the concentrations of product or substrate as a function of time. These
representations demonstrate the relationship between an enzyme's activity, the disappearance of substrate,and/ or presence of a competitive inhibitor.
Why does the rate of the reaction catalyzed by enzyme A
slow down at temperatures above 40°C?
At higher temperatures enzymes denature and lose their
ability to catalyze the reaction
Essential knowledge 4.B.1: Interactions between molecules affect their structure and function.
d. The change in function of an enzyme can be interpreted from data regarding the concentrations of product or substrate as a function of time. These
representations demonstrate the relationship between an enzyme's activity, the disappearance of substrate,and/ or presence of a competitive inhibitor.
Glycolysis is also called the
Embden-Meyerhoff
Pathway pathway.
____________________
The enzyme cofactor that is part of
B
Coenzyme A comes from vitamin __
CATALASE is an enzyme that breaks
__________
down hydrogen peroxide.
Glycolysis is also called the
Embden-Meyerhoff
Pathway pathway.
____________________
The enzyme cofactor that is part of
B
Coenzyme A comes from vitamin __
CATALASE is an enzyme that breaks
__________
down hydrogen peroxide.
Essential knowledge 4.B.2: a. Organisms have areas or compartments that perform a subset of functions related to energy and matter, and these parts
contribute to the whole. [See also 2.A.2, 4.A.2]
Essential knowledge 4.B.2: a.1. At the cellular level, the plasma membrane, cytoplasm and, for eukaryotes, the organelles contribute to the overall
specialization and functioning of the cell.
WATER
LIGHT
LIGHT DEPENDENT
REACTIONS
OXYGEN
ATP
NADPH
CARBON
DIOXIDE
LIGHT INDEPENDENT
REACTIONS
(Calvin cycle)
SUGAR
©Pearson Education Inc; Publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall;
Identify the part:
Thylakoid sac
A = ______________
B = ______________
stroma
granum (pl. grana)
C = ______________
D = ________________
Thylkoid space (lumen)
cytoplasm
E = ________________
Essential knowledge 2.A.2..d.2. Photosystems I and II are embedded in the internal membranes of chloroplasts (thylakoids) and are connected by the transfer of higher free energy electrons
through an electron transport chain (ETC). [See also 4.A.2]
Essential knowledge 2.A.2..d.3. When electrons are transferred between molecules in a sequence of reactions as they pass through the ETC, an electrochemical gradient of hydrogen ions
(protons) across the thykaloid membrane is established.
Essential knowledge 2.A.2..d.5. The energy captured in the light reactions as ATP and NADPH powers the production of carbohydrates from carbon dioxide in the Calvin cycle, which occurs in the
stroma of the chloroplast.
©Pearson Education Inc; Publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall;
Tell its location:
A
Where ETC proteins are located = ___
A
Place where ATP synthase is embedded = ___
A
Place where photosystems I & II are located = ___
H+ ions accumulate here
during electron transport = D
___
Place where Calvin cycle
B
happens= ___
D
Place water is split = ____
Essential knowledge 2.A.2..d.2. Photosystems I and II are embedded in the internal membranes of chloroplasts (thylakoids) and are connected by the transfer of higher free energy electrons
through an electron transport chain (ETC). [See also 4.A.2]
Essential knowledge 2.A.2..d.3. When electrons are transferred between molecules in a sequence of reactions as they pass through the ETC, an electrochemical gradient of hydrogen ions
(protons) across the thykaloid membrane is established.
Essential knowledge 2.A.2. g.1. Electron transport chain reactions occur in chloroplasts (photosynthesis), mitochondria (cellular respiration) and prokaryotic plasma membranes.
EXPLAIN what happens when chlorophyll molecules
are energized by sunlight
Electrons in chlorophyll are excited and pass
to the first protein in electron transport chain.
EXPLAIN what happens to the energized electrons
that jump to the ETC
Electrons pass down the ETC in a series of
redox reactions to PSI.
The movement of electrons down the ETC provides
the energy to do what?
Movement of electrons down the ETC provides
energy to pump H+ ions from stroma into the
thylakoid space
How are the energized electrons replaced?
Splitting of water molecules provides
replacement electrons and also releases H+ ions
and oxygen into the thylakoid space.
What happens to the oxygen released when water
molecules are split?
2 oxygen atoms combine to make oxygen gas
which is released to atmosphere
What happens to the electrons that reach
Photosystem I?
They are energized a second time and jump to
last protein in ETC.
The last protein in ETC passes the electrons to which
electron acceptor?
The last electron acceptor, NADP+, is reduced
to NADPH
What happens to the H+ ions that build up in the
thylakoid space as a result of the proton pumps in the
ETC and water splitting?
H+ ions move from an area of high concentration (thylakoid
space) to an area of low concentration (stroma)
H+ gradient provides the energy to phosphorylate ADP to
make ATP
Essential knowledge 2.A.2..d.2. Photosystems I and II are embedded in the internal membranes of chloroplasts (thylakoids) and are connected by the transfer of higher free
energy electrons through an electron transport chain (ETC). [See also 4.A.2]
Label molecules of the light
dependent reactions.
A = ___________________
PHOTOSYSTEM II
Electron Transport Chain
B = ___________________
C = ___________________
PHOTOSYSTEM I
ATP Synthase
D = ___________________
Images from; http://www.clker.com/cliparts/s/6/X/X/Y/o/color-chain-links-long-md.png
http://nourishednutrition.co.nz/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/Starch-glucose.jpg
MAKE A CONNECTION
“Candy Corn” is a variety of sweet corn enjoyed by many people.
These corn plants have been modified by geneticists to produce corn
that tastes sweeter than other varieties because Candy Corn cells lack
an enzyme that other corn plants have. Use what you learned about
macromolecules and how plants store their glucose for later.
What do you think is the function of this missing enzyme in other corn
plants? EXPLAIN YOUR ANSWER.
Image by: Riedell
Plants store their sugar as starch.
The enzyme that converts glucose
into starch is missing in “Candy corn”
Sugar stays in corn and is not converted to starch
so it tastes sweet instead of starchy.
X
Essential Knowledge: 4.A.1. a. 4. Carbohydrates are composed of sugar monomers whose structures and bonding with each other by dehydration
synthesis determine the properties and functions of the molecules. Illustrative examples include: cellulose versus starch.
SP 7: The student is able to connect and relate knowledge across various scales, concepts and representations in and across domains.
Name this molecule that is
the main photosynthetic
pigment in green plants .
chlorophyll
Where would you find these light
collecting molecules in chloroplasts?
In Photosystems II and I in the
thylakoid membrane
Essential knowledge 2.A.2..d 1. During photosynthesis, chlorophylls absorb free energy from light, boosting electrons to a higher energy level
in Photosystems and Photosystem II.
Essential knowledge 2.A.2..d.2. Photosystems I and II are embedded in the internal membranes of chloroplasts (thylakoids) and are connected by the
transfer of higher free energy electrons through an electron transport chain (ETC). [See also 4.A.2]
Write the chemical equation for photosynthesis
6 CO2 + 6 H2O → C6H12O6 + 6 O2
Which high energy compounds are produced
during the light dependent reactions and used in
the Calvin cycle to produce glucose?
ATP and NADPH
Essential knowledge 2.A.2..d. The light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis in eukaryotes involve a series of coordinated reaction pathways that capture
free energy in light to yield ATP and NADPH, which power the production of organic molecules.
Essential knowledge 2.A.2..d.5. The energy captured in the light reactions as ATP and NADPH powers the production of carbohydrates from carbon dioxide in
the Calvin cycle, which occurs in the stroma of the chloroplast.
Nimation from: http://faculty.ccbcmd.edu/~gkaiser/biotutorials/energy/atpsynthase_an.html
During ATP production in the light
dependent reactions, the movement
H+ ions down their concentration
of ____
ATP synthase
gradient through ____________
provides the energy needed to
phosphorylate ADP making ATP.
Essential knowledge 2.A.2..d.4. The formation of the proton gradient is a separate process, but it is linked to the synthesis of ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate via ATP
synthase.
Essential knowledge 2.A.2. g.3. The passage of electrons is accompanied by the formation of a proton gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane or the thylakoid
membrane of chloroplasts, with the membrane(s) separating a region of high proton concentration from a region of low proton concentration.
SP 7: The student is able to connect and relate knowledge across various scales, concepts and representations in and across domains
Images from; http://www.clker.com/cliparts/s/6/X/X/Y/o/color-chain-links-long-md.png
MAKE A CONNECTION
The light dependent reactions are the result of several
types of transport you learned about. EXPLAIN the types
of transport involved in a creating H+ gradient and using
this gradient to make ATP.
SEE ANIMATION
ETC proteins act as “PROTON PUMPS” using the energy
from moving electrons to pump H+ ions from the stroma
into the thylakoid space which creating a H+ gradient.
H+ ions move from an area of high concentration to low
through and ION CHANNEL (ATP Synthase) which
provides the energy to make ATP.
Essential knowledge 2.A.2..d.4. The formation of the proton gradient is a separate process, but it is linked to the synthesis of ATP from ADP and inorganic
phosphate via ATP synthase.
Essential knowledge 2.A.2. g.3. The passage of electrons is accompanied by the formation of a proton gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane
or the thylakoid membrane of chloroplasts, with the membrane(s) separating a region of high proton concentration from a region of low proton concentration.
SP 7: The student is able to connect and relate knowledge across various scales, concepts and representations in and across domains.
Which ion moves across the membrane to
power the ATP synthase enzyme to add a
phosphate to ADP? H+ (Hydrogen ion)
Where do the carbon atoms come from that
end up in carbohydrates made by the
Calvin cycle? Carbon dioxide
Which gas that we need is given off
during photosynthesis? oxygen
Where do H+ ions build up as water is
broken down and the light dependent
reactions are happening?
Thylakoid space
Where to does the ATP and NADPH
produced during the light-dependent
phase end up?
It is used by the Calvin cycle to make sugar
Which molecule is split to provide
the H+ to make NADPH?
H2O
Which molecule spins as H+ ions
pass through to the other side of
the membrane?
ATP synthase
Tell which molecules are oxidized and
which are reduced in this reaction
Loss of hydrogen atoms
Energy
Gain of hydrogen atoms
Glucose is oxidized; oxygen is reduced
Krebs cycle is also called the
Citric acid
______________
cycle
What is the equation for cellular
respiration?
6 O2 + C6H12O6 → 6CO2 + 6 H2O + energy
How many carbons are in pyruvic acid?
3
Name the 6 carbon molecule that
forms when OAA picks up 2 carbons
from acetyl CoA
Citric acid (citrate)
What happens to Coenzyme A after
acetyl Co-A drops off its 2 carbons
into the Krebs cycle?
Recycles and picks up 2 more carbons
from pyruvate
Essential knowledge 2.A.1: c.
Energy-related pathways in biological systems are sequential and may be entered at multiple points in the pathway. [See also 2.A.2]
To foster student understanding of this concept, instructors can choose an illustrative example such as:
~Krebs cycle
Which pathway generates the
most energy from glucose?
FERMENTATION
CELLULAR RESPIRATION
Cellular respiration
Where does glycolysis take place?
cytoplasm
©Pearson Education Inc; Publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall;
Identify the part:
E
Outer membrane
A = ______________
Intermembrane space
B = ______________
inner membrane
C = ______________
D = ________________
matrix
cytoplasm
E = ________________
(cristae)
Give the chemical equation for
Lactic acid fermentation
Pyruvic acid + NADH → lactic acid + NAD+
After glycolysis, which pathway will
pyruvic acid follow if oxygen is present?
It will enter the Krebs cycle
Identify the 3 stages of cellular respiration:
glycolysis
#1 = _____________
Krebs cycle
#2 = _____________
#3 = _____________
Electron transport chain
Essential knowledge 2.A.1: c.
Energy-related pathways in biological systems are sequential and may be entered at multiple points in the pathway. [See also 2.A.2]
To foster student understanding of this concept, instructors can choose an illustrative example such as:
~ Krebs cycle
©Pearson Education Inc; Publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall
~ Glycolysis
True or False
Only animal cells have mitochondria
False;
both plants and animals have
mitochondria
How many carbons are in a glucose
molecule?
6; C6H12O6
Give the chemical equation for
alcoholic fermentation
Pyruvic acid + NADH → alcohol + CO2 + NAD+
How many ATP’s are required to get
glycolysis started?
2 ATP
Essential knowledge 2.A.2: b.2. Fermentation produces organic molecules, including alcohol and lactic acid, and it occurs in the absence of oxygen.
After glycolysis, what determines
which pathway pyruvic acid will
follow?
Presence or absence of oxygen
Name the two kinds of fermentation
Lactic acid and alcoholic
Essential knowledge 2.A.1: c.
Energy-related pathways in biological systems are sequential and may be entered at multiple points in the pathway. [See also 2.A.2]
To foster student understanding of this concept, instructors can choose an illustrative example such as:
~Krebs cycle
~ Glycolysis
~ Fermentation
What is the net production of ATP
during glycolysis?
Uses 2 ATP; produces 4 ATP
Net gain of 2 ATP
Beta oxidation
During ______________
fats can be
broken down into 2 carbon units
that enter the Krebs cycle to be
burned for energy instead of
glucose.
Essential knowledge 2.A.1: c.
Energy-related pathways in biological systems are sequential and may be entered at multiple points in the pathway. [See also 2.A.2]
~ Krebs cycle
~ Glycolysis
Essential knowledge 2.A.2. b.1. Heterotrophs may metabolize carbohydrates, lipids and proteins by hydrolysis as sources of free energy.
How is pyruvate different from pyruvic
acid?
Both are forms of
same molecule
Pyruvate is pyruvic
acid that has lost
an H.
Essential knowledge 2.A.2 f.1. Glycolysis rearranges the bonds in glucose molecules, releasing free energy to form ATP from ADP
and inorganic phosphate, and resulting in the production of pyruvate.
©Pearson Education Inc; Publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall;
Tell its location:
D
Where Krebs cycle happens = ___
C
Where is the Electron Transport Chain found = ___
H+ ions accumulate here
B
during electron transport = ___
Place where glycolysis
E
happens= ___
Essential knowledge 2.A.2. g.1. Electron transport chain reactions occur in chloroplasts (photosynthesis), mitochondria (cellular
respiration) and prokaryotic plasma membranes.
Which electron carrier produces the
most ATP… NADH or FADH2?
Each NADH makes 3 ATP
Each FADH2 makes 2 ATP
WHY?
NADH releases its electrons at the beginning of
ETC so 3 H+ are pumped across the membrane;
FADH2 drops off its electrons farther down
the chain at cytochrome c so it misses the first
proton pump and less H+ are pumped across the
membrane. Return of H+ through ATP synthase
produces ATP.
Essential knowledge 2.A.2. g 2. In cellular respiration, electrons delivered by NADH and FADH2 are passed to a series of electron
acceptors as they move toward the terminal electron acceptor, oxygen.
Name the 3 carbon molecule produced
during glycolysis
Pyruvate (pyruvic acid)
Type of fermentation used to make
yogurt, cheese, saurkraut, kimchi,
buttermilk, etc.
Lactic acid
Essential knowledge 2.A.2 f.1. Glycolysis rearranges the bonds in glucose molecules, releasing free energy to form ATP from ADP and
inorganic phosphate, and resulting in the production of pyruvate.
Muscle fatigue is caused when the
process of fermentation produces
Lactic acid
_____________
The energy produced by electrons
passing down the Electron Transport
chain are used to pump which ion
into the intermembrane space?
H+ ions are pumped from the matrix and
accumulate in the intermembrane space
Essential knowledge 2.A.2. g.3. The passage of electrons is accompanied by the formation of a proton gradient across the inner mitochondrial
membrane or the thylakoid membrane of chloroplasts, with the membrane(s) separating a region of high proton concentration from a region of
low proton concentration.
Which parts of cellular respiration
require oxygen?
Krebs cycle & Electron transport chain
Why is the Krebs cycle also called
the citric acid cycle?
Citric acid is the first compound formed
during the Krebs cycle
Which molecule acts as the final electron
acceptor at the end of the ETC during
cellular respiration?
OXYGEN
Which molecule acts as the final electron
acceptor at the end of the ETC during
photosynthesis?
NADP+
Essential knowledge 2.A.2. g 2. In cellular respiration, electrons delivered by NADH and FADH2 are passed to a series of
electron acceptors as they move toward the terminal electron acceptor, oxygen. In photosynthesis, the terminal electron
acceptor is NADP+.
Name this molecule
Adenosine
triphosphate
http://z.about.com/d/chemistry/1/0/w/a/atp.jpg
Which kind of fermentation puts
the air holes in bread?
Alcoholic fermentation releases
CO2 bubbles which pop and leave
holes in the bread
What is the final electron acceptor
at the end of the Electron Transport
Chain during cellular respiration?
oxygen
If alcoholic fermentation is what
makes bread rise, why don’t we get
intoxicated from eating the bread?
Alcohol evaporates during cooking
During short term exercise muscle cells are
using which pathway to provide energy?
Lactic acid fermentation
cellular respiration
lactic acid fermentation
What happens to the CO2 produced
when pyruvic acid is broken down?
It is released into the atmosphere
What is the energy tally from
1 molecule of pyruvic acid completing
the Krebs cycle?
4 NADH
1 ATP
__
__
1 FADH
__
__
6 CO2
2
Essential knowledge 2.A.2. f.3. In the Krebs cycle, carbon dioxide is released from organic intermediates ATP is synthesized from
ADP and inorganic phosphate via substrate level phosphorylation and electrons are captured by coenzymes.
Essential knowledge 2.A.2. g 2. In cellular respiration, electrons delivered by NADH and FADH2 are passed to a series of electron
acceptors as they move toward the terminal electron acceptor, oxygen. In photosynthesis, the terminal electron acceptor is NADP+.
The generation of ATP from a proton
gradient that occurs in all living things is
chemiosmosis
called _________________
http://student.ccbcmd.edu/~gkaiser/biotutorials/energy/atpsynthase_il.html
Essential knowledge 2.A.2..d.4. The formation of the proton gradient is a separate process, but it is linked to the synthesis of ATP from ADP and inorganic
phosphate via ATP synthase.
Essential knowledge 2.A.2. g.4. The flow of protons back through membrane-bound ATP synthase by chemiosmosis generates ATP from ADP and
inorganic phosphate
Organisms that can use either
fermentation or cellular respiration
are called ________________
Facultative anaerobes
Where are cytochromes found?
Part of electron transport chain
Image from: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/61/Chemiosmotic_proton_transfer.gif
How do prokaryotes do cellular respiration
if they don’t have mitochondria?
ETC proteins are in plasma membrane;
infolding to make pockets creates places to make
H+ gradients and run ETC to make ATP
Essential knowledge 2.A.2. g.1. Electron transport chain reactions occur in chloroplasts (photosynthesis), mitochondria (cellular respiration) and
prokaryotic plasma membranes.
Essential knowledge 2.A.2. g.3. The passage of electrons is accompanied by the formation of a proton gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane
or the thylakoid membrane of chloroplasts, with the membrane(s) separating a region of high proton concentration from a region of low proton concentration. In
prokaryotes, the passage of electrons is accompanied by the outward movement of protons across the plasma membrane.
How do the levels of AMP and ATP
play a regulatory role in the glycolysis
pathway?
High levels of AMP (means cell is low in ATP)
stimulate phosphofructokinase in glycolysis
pathway;
High levels of ATP inhibit phosphofructokinase
to shut off pathway (don’t run glycolysis if not
needed)
Using a proton gradient created by
electron transport chain to make ATP
OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION
= __________________________
MITOCHONDRION
Using energy from
breaking a chemical
bond to add a
P directly from a
phosphorylated
molecule
to ADP without
a proton gradient
SUBSTRATE LEVEL
= __________________
PHOSPHORYLATION
Image from: http://www.drcruzan.com/Images/Biology/CellularRespiration/KrebsCycle.png
During the Krebs cycle
some ADP is directly
phosphorylated to make
ATP without
a proton gradient is
called
SUBSTRATE
LEVEL
_______________
PHOSPHORYLATION
Essential knowledge 2.A.2. f.3. In the Krebs cycle, carbon dioxide is released from organic intermediates ATP is synthesized from
ADP and inorganic phosphate via substrate level phosphorylation and electrons are captured by coenzymes.
Name these molecules
Pyruvic acid
Lactic acid
http://z.about.com/d/chemistry/1/0/w/a/atp.jpg
Alcohol
(Ethyl)
Essential knowledge 2.A.2. f. Cellular respiration in eukaryotes involves a series of coordinated enzyme-catalyzed reactions that harvest free energy from
simple carbohydrates.
Essential knowledge 2.A.2. f.1. Glycolysis rearranges the bonds in glucose molecules, releasing free energy to form ATP from ADP and inorganic
phosphate, and resulting in the production of pyruvate.
Where will the NADH
produced in this
reaction go next
if oxygen is
present? To electron transport
chain in mitochondria
Where will the pyruvic acid go
next if oxygen is present?
Into mitochondrial matrix and into Krebs cycle
Essential knowledge 2.A.2. f. Cellular respiration in eukaryotes involves a series of coordinated enzyme-catalyzed reactions that harvest free energy from
simple carbohydrates.
Essential knowledge 2.A.2. f.1. Glycolysis rearranges the bonds in glucose molecules, releasing free energy to form ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate, and resulting in
the production of pyruvate.
Essential knowledge 2.A.2. f. 2. Pyruvate is transported from the cytoplasm to the mitochondrion, where further oxidation occurs. [See also 4.A.2]
Where does this
reaction happen?
In the cytoplasm
Where will the pyruvic
acid go next if oxygen is
NOT present?
Stays in cytoplasm and undergoes
fermentation
Essential knowledge 2.A.2. f. Cellular respiration in eukaryotes involves a series of coordinated enzyme-catalyzed reactions that harvest free energy from
simple carbohydrates.
Essential knowledge 2.A.2. f.1. Glycolysis rearranges the bonds in glucose molecules, releasing free energy to form ATP from ADP and inorganic
phosphate, and resulting in the production of pyruvate.
Essential knowledge 2.A.2. b. 2. Fermentation produces organic molecules, including alcohol and lactic acid, and it occurs in the absence of oxygen.
What happens to the
CO2 produced in this
reaction?
Released into
atmosphere
Acetyl-CoA will join
next with a 4 carbon
molecule to make __________
Citric acid
Essential knowledge 2.A.2. f. Cellular respiration in eukaryotes involves a series of coordinated enzyme-catalyzed reactions that harvest free energy from
simple carbohydrates.
Essential knowledge 2.A.2. f. 2. Pyruvate is transported from the cytoplasm to the mitochondrion, where further oxidation occurs. [See also 4.A.2]
Essential knowledge 2.A.2. f.3. In the Krebs cycle, carbon dioxide is released from organic intermediates ATP is synthesized from ADP and
inorganic phosphate via substrate level phosphorylation and electrons are captured by coenzymes.
Where will the citric acid that is produced here go
next?
Cycle through the Krebs cycle
What will happen to the CARBONS from pyruvate
that are fed into the Krebs cycle?
Intermediates are broken down; carbons are released into
atmosphere as CO2; a little ATP is made; electrons are
passed to coenzyme carriers (NADH & FADH2)
Essential knowledge 2.A.2. f.3. In the Krebs cycle, carbon dioxide is released from organic intermediates ATP is synthesized from ADP and
inorganic phosphate via substrate level phosphorylation and electrons are captured by coenzymes.
Where does
the NADH &
FADH2 produced
here go next?
to the Electron
transport chain
Where does the ATP
produced here go?
Used by cell for
cellular activities
Essential knowledge 2.A.2. f..4. Electrons that are extracted in the series of Krebs cycle reactions are carried by NADH and FADH2 to the
electron transport chain.
What reaction
happens on the
matrix side of the
membrane when
ATP synthase spins?
A phosphate
is added to ADP
to make ATP
Essential knowledge 2.A.2. g.4. The flow of protons back through membrane-bound ATP synthase by chemiosmosis generates ATP from ADP and
inorganic phosphate
Name the 6 carbon molecule formed in this
reaction
Citric acid
What happens to the Coenzyme A
after dropping off its 2 carbons?
Recycles back and picks up 2 more carbons from
next pyruvic acid
Essential knowledge 2.A.2. f.3. In the Krebs cycle, carbon dioxide is released from organic intermediates ATP is synthesized from ADP and
inorganic phosphate via substrate level phosphorylation and electrons are captured by coenzymes.
Name the
4 products
of the
Krebs cycle
CO2, NADH, FADH2, ATP
Essential knowledge 2.A.2. f.3. In the Krebs cycle, carbon dioxide is released from organic intermediates ATP is synthesized from ADP and
inorganic phosphate via substrate level phosphorylation and electrons are captured by coenzymes.
O2
Which molecule acts as the
last electron acceptor during
cellular respiration to make water?
Essential knowledge 2.A.2. g 2. In cellular respiration, electrons delivered by NADH and FADH2 are passed to a series of electron acceptors as they move t
toward the terminal electron acceptor, oxygen.
Draw a chloroplast
Label all the places & spaces.
Mark the locations of ETC and Calvin Cycle.
Show where H+ ions build up during ETC.
Essential knowledge
2.A.2. g.1. Electron transport chain reactions occur in chloroplasts (photosynthesis), mitochondria (cellular respiration)
and prokaryotic plasma membranes.
Draw a chloroplast
DRAW A DIAGRAM showing the molecules in the
thylakoid membrane involved in the light
reactions and label them.
Add H+ ions to show where H+ ions build up
during the light reaction.
Tell 2 things that happen to create the H+
gradient.
DRAW A DIAGRAM showing the molecules in the
thylakoid membrane involved in the light
reactions and label them.
H+
H+
H+
H+
H+
H+
H+
H+
H+
H+ accumulate in the thylkoid space due to :
1. Splitting water to replace electrons in chlorophyll
2. ETC (proton pumps) move H+ from stroma into thylakoid space
Draw a mitochondrion.
Label all the places & spaces.
Mark the locations of glycolysis, Krebs Cycle and
ETC.
Show where H+ ions build up during ETC.
Add some mitochondrial DNA.
Draw a picture to explain why NADH makes more
ATP than FADH2 when electrons are passed to the
ETC during cellular respiration.
Image from: http://study.com/cimages/multimages/16/Electron_Transport_Mitochondrion.png
NADH drops its electrons at beginning of ETC so as
electrons pass down ETC 3 proton pumps move H+
ions into the intermembrane space = 3 ATP when
they return through ATP synthase.
FADH2 drops its electrons farther down ETC
skipping the 1st proton pump so less H+ moved = 2 ATP
Image from: http://study.com/cimages/multimages/16/Electron_Transport_Mitochondrion.png