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C. Proteins
1. Structure
2. Functions
a. energy storage
b. structure
c. metabolic - enzymes
d. transport
e. immunity
1** - Higher Levels of Structure
LE 5-20a
Amino end
Primary Structure:
Amino acid
subunits
the AA sequence
Carboxyl end
LE 5-20b
Secondary Structure:
Helices and Sheets
b pleated sheet
Amino acid
subunits
 helix
LE 5-20c
The spiral strands
(capture strands) are
elastic, stretching in
response to wind,
rain, and the touch
of insects.
Abdominal glands
of the spider
secrete silk
fibers that form
the web.
The radiating
strands, made
of dry silk fibers,
maintain the
shape of the web.
Spider silk: a structural protein
Containing b pleated sheets
LE 5-20d
Tertiary Structure:
Folded / "Globular"
Hydrophobic
interactions and
van der Waals
interactions
Polypeptide
backbone
Hydrogen
bond
Disulfide bridge
Ionic bond
LE 5-20e
Quaternary Structure:
> 1 protein bond together
Polypeptide
chain
b Chains
Iron
Heme
Polypeptide chain
Collagen
 Chains
Hemoglobin
Atoms and Bonds
I. Atoms
II. Bonds
III. Biologically Important Molecules
A. Water
B. Carbohydrates
C. Proteins
D. Lipids
D. Lipids
1. Structure
monomer = fatty acid
Mammal, bird, reptile fats - saturated - solid at room temp
Plants, fish - often unsaturated - liquid at room temp.
Unsaturated fats can be 'hydrogenated' (peanut butter)
D. Lipids
1. Structure
monomer = fatty acid
D. Lipids
1. Structure
transfats associated with atherosclerosis
LE 5-11a
D. Lipids
1. Structure
- glycerol... and binding
Fatty acid
(palmitic acid)
Glycerol
Dehydration reaction in the synthesis of a fat
D. Lipids
1. Structure
polymer = fat (triglyceride)
D. Lipids
1. Structure
polymer = fat (triglyceride)
phospholipid
D. Lipids
1. Structure
2. Function
D. Lipids
1. Structure
2. Function
a. energy storage - long term - densely packed bonds
D. Lipids
1. Structure
2. Function
a. energy storage - long term - densely packed bonds
b. Cell membranes
D. Lipids
1. Structure
2. Function
a. energy storage - long term - densely packed bonds
b. Cell membranes
c. insulation
D. Lipids
1. Structure
2. Function
a. energy storage - long term - densely packed bonds
b. Cell membranes
c. insulation
d. homones and cholesterol derivatives
Atoms and Bonds
I. Atoms
II. Bonds
III. Biologically Important Molecules
A. Water
B. Carbohydrates
C. Proteins
D. Lipids
E. Nucleic Acids (later)
CELL BIOLOGY
- Overview:
Material/Energy is absorbed across the membrane (life is cellular)
CELL BIOLOGY
- Overview:
Material/Energy is absorbed across the membrane (life is cellular)
It is metabolized - energy and products are harvested. (metabolism)
CELL BIOLOGY
- Overview:
Material/Energy is absorbed across the membrane (life is cellular)
It is metabolized - energy and products are harvested. (metabolism)
The energy (and some products of digestion) are used to:
CELL BIOLOGY
- Overview:
Material/Energy is absorbed across the membrane (life is cellular)
It is metabolized - energy and products are harvested. (metabolism)
The energy (and some products of digestion) are used to:
1) build proteins (growth) which allow response.
CELL BIOLOGY
- Overview:
Material/Energy is absorbed across the membrane (life is cellular)
It is metabolized - energy and products are harvested. (metabolism)
The energy (and some products of digestion) are used to:
1) build proteins (growth) which allow response.
2) replicate DNA and divide (cell division and reproduction)
CELL BIOLOGY
- Overview:
Material/Energy is absorbed across the membrane (life is cellular)
It is metabolized - energy and products are harvested. (metabolism)
The energy (and some products of digestion) are used to:
1) build proteins (growth) which allow response.
2) replicate DNA and divide (cell division and reproduction)
Which produces patterns of genetic relatedness among cells and
organisms (evolutionary history)
CELL BIOLOGY
- Overview:
A. Membranes - how stuff get in/out of cells
1. Structure
LE 7-2
CELL BIOLOGY
- Overview:
A. Membranes - how stuff get in/out of cells
1. Structure
- phospholipids
WATER
Hydrophilic
head
Hydrophobic
tail
WATER
LE 7-5
Lateral movement
(~107 times per second)
Flip-flop
(~ once per month)
Movement of phospholipids
Viscous
Fluid
Unsaturated hydrocarbon
tails with kinks
Membrane fluidity
Saturated hydrocarbon tails
Cholesterol
Cholesterol within the animal cell membrane
LE 7-7
Fibers of
extracellular
matrix (ECM)
Glycoprotein
Carbohydrates
Glycolipid
EXTRACELLULAR
SIDE OF
MEMBRANE
Cholesterol
Microfilaments
of cytoskeleton
proteins
CYTOPLASMIC SIDE
OF MEMBRANE
CELL BIOLOGY
- Overview:
A. Membranes - how stuff get in/out of cells
1. Structure
2. Functions
LE 7-9a
Signal
Enzymes
Receptor
ATP
Transport
Enzymatic activity
Signal transduction
LE 7-9b
Glycoprotein
Cell-cell recognition
Intercellular joining
Attachment to the
cytoskeleton and extracellular matrix (ECM)
CELL BIOLOGY
- Overview:
A. Membranes - how stuff get in/out of cells
1. Structure
2. Functions
Types of "transport"
LE 7-11a
Types of "transport"
- DIFFUSION
Molecules of dye
Membrane (cross section)
WATER
Net diffusion
Diffusion of one solute
Net diffusion
Equilibrium
LE 7-11b
Types of "transport"
- DIFFUSION
Net diffusion
Net diffusion
Diffusion of two solutes
Net diffusion
Net diffusion
Equilibrium
Equilibrium
LE 7-12
Lower
concentration
of solute (sugar)
Higher
concentration
of sugar
Same concentration
of sugar
H2O
Selectively
permeable membrane: sugar molecules cannot pass
through pores, but
water molecules can
- OSMOSIS:
Water Potential:
diffusion of water across a
semi-permeable membrane
from HI to LO water potential
as solute conc. increases
as pressure increases
Osmosis