Transcript Chap. 5 Renaissance & Reformation

Chapter 5, Section 1
The Renaissance
* The Italian Renaissance, which spread to the rest of Europe, occurred
between 1350 and 1550.
* The Renaissance brought about a rebirth of interest in the ancient Greek
and Roman worlds.
* A secular, or worldly, viewpoint developed in the wealthy, urban societies
of Renaissance Italy.
* A new view of human beings that emphasized individual ability and worth
emerged in the Renaissance.
* Leonardo da Vinci was an excellent example of Renaissance Italy’s social
ideal because he achieved greatness in many areas of life.
* The Italian city-states of Milan, Venice, & Florence
played crucial roles as their wealthy and powerful
merchant classes contributed to the birth of the
Renaissance in Italy by becoming patrons of the arts
through their financial support of artistic development.
* Machiavelli’s The Prince is one of the most influential
works on political power in the western world.
* The Renaissance saw some changes in the medieval
division of society into three estates, or social classes.
* Castiglione described the characteristics of a perfect
Renaissance noble in The Book of the Courtier.
Chapter 5, Section 2
The Intellectual & Artistic Renaissance
* The most important intellectual movement associated with the Renaissance
was humanism. Petrarch is considered the father of Italian Renaissance
humanism.
* Humanists studied and championed education in the subjects that are now
known as the humanities – for example, poetry, philosophy, and history.
* Some writers during this time wrote in the vernacular, or language of their
regions, such as Italian, English, or French. Dante’s masterpiece the Divine
Comedy is an early example of vernacular literature.
* The Renaissance produced many great artists and sculptors such as
Leonardo da Vinci, Raphael, and Michelangelo, all of whom dominated
the period known as the High Renaissance.
* Renaissance artists sought to imitate nature in their works.
* The realism of perspective became a signature of
Renaissance painting.
* The artists of the Italian Renaissance focused on humans
and their experiences.
* At first, northern Renaissance painters achieved realism
through observing reality but eventually began
incorporating the laws of perspective.
* Flemish painter Jan van Eyck was among the first
Da Vinci’s
to use oil paint.
Mona Lisa, 1505
The Last Supper
School of Athens
The Sistine Chapel,
Michelangelo 1508-26
John the Baptist
Adoration of the Lamb
Adoration of the Magi
Gutenberg’s Printing Press c. 1450
Chapter 5, Section 3
The Protestant Reformation
* Italian humanism spread to northern Europe creating a movement called Christian
humanism.
* Christian humanists believed people could improve themselves by studying the works
of Christianity and becoming more pious.
* Christian humanists wanted to reform the Catholic Church.
* Desiderius Erasmus (author of The Praise of Folly, 1509) was the best known
Christian humanist.
* Corruption within the Catholic Church led many people to call for reform.
* Johannes Gutenberg’s printing press revolutionized the process of printing and led
to the mass production of written material on a variety of subjects.
* Martin Luther was a monk and professor in Germany who lectured on the Bible. He
came to believe human deeds were powerless to affect God and that salvation could be
achieved through faith alone.
* In 1517, Luther published his Ninety-five Theses, attacking the abuses in the sale of
indulgences and thus beginning the Protestant Reformation.
* Luther’s ideas and teachings eventually led many German rulers to take control of
Catholic churches in their territories and follow
the doctrine of Lutheranism, the first
Protestant faith.
* Emperor Charles V issued the Edict of
Worms (declaring Luther an outlaw), and
resisted the spread of Lutheranism within
the Holy Roman Empire which led to
nearly three decades of religious conflict.
* In 1555, through the Peace of Augsburg, Charles made peace with the
Lutheran princes and formally accepted the division of Christianity in Germany.
Chapter 5, Section 4
The Spread of Protestantism
and the Catholic Response
* With the Peace of Augsburg, the ideal of Christian unity was lost forever.
* Ulrich Zwingli started a new Christian group in Zurich, Switzerland.
* After Zwingli was killed in the religious conflict, John Calvin assumed
leadership of Protestantism in Switzerland.
* Calvin put forth the idea of predestination because he placed a new
emphasis on the all-powerful nature of God.
* In 1536, Calvin began to reform the city of Geneva, where he created a
church government and a body called the Consistory, which enforced
moral discipline.
* By the mid-sixteenth century, Calvinism had replaced Lutheranism as the
most important form of Protestantism.
* The Reformation in England came about because King Henry VIII wanted to divorce
his first wife, Catherine of Aragon, but the pope refused to annul his marriage.
* The Act of Supremacy of 1534 ruled that the king was the supreme head of the
Church of England, and Henry took over leadership of the church.
* After Henry’s death, his only son Edward VI succeeded him. After Edward came
Henry’s two daughters, Mary (Bloody Mary) and Elizabeth.
* Although many Protestant groups developed a new view of the family, they did not
change women’s subordinate role in society.
* During the sixteenth century, the Catholic Church
underwent reformation and revitalization due to
three primary reasons: the Jesuits, reform of the
papacy, and the Council of Trent.
* Ignatius of Loyola founded the Society of Jesus
(Jesuits) & used education to spread their message.
* Pope Paul III appointed a Reform Commission to
determine the problems within the church & papacy.
* The Council of Trent reaffirmed traditional
Catholic teachings in opposition to Protestant beliefs.
* Another result of the Catholic Reformation was the
continued persecution of religious minorities.