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Renaissance 1300s-1500s What was going on before? • Middle Ages – Black Death – Conflict with church and kings – Lack of education and innovation in Christian world/Europe Rebirth • • • • • Greek & Roman Human experience vs. church (M.A.) Individual achievement Adventure Humanism • “To [man} it is granted to have whatever he chooses, to be whatever he wills.” – – Difference from Middle Ages? Is it true? Then? Now? I will never remove my leaf bandana until Laura loves me. Humanism Focus on _____________ rather than the church. Education would stimulate the mind and creativity Francesco Petrarch – began collecting the classics in monasteries and churches – motivating others to study Homer, Virgil, Cicero What is the greatest pain life offers? "To be able to say how much you love is to love but little." Why does the Renaissance take place in Italy? Why Italy? • • • • • • History – Roman Empire Roman Catholic church supports art Byzantine artist scholars leave – head to Italy Geographic location Trade provides money to support arts Contact to Muslim society who kept knowledge Lorenzo de Medici • • Leader of Florence Patron of the arts Filippo Brunelleschi – Renaissance man – art, engineering, sculpture Brunelleschi Leon Alberti • • Architecture was a “social art” Beauty with utility – improves society – Form & function – present day Renaissance vs. Middle Ages Leonardo da Vinci Leonardo da Vinci – True Renaissance Man Vitruvian Man Leonardo da Vinci • • Master of perspective – Last Supper Architecture, engineering, Botany, designs for helicopters, submarine and other works before his time Michelangelo • Buonarroti Sculptor, painter, architect, poet originally blocked out in 1464. It’s documented that on Sept 9, 1501, he apparently knocked off a “certain knot” that had been on the David’s chest. We believe this “knot” to be the flaw. In 1527 during an uprising, someone threw a chair out of a window in Palazzo Vecchio. The chair broke David’s left arm in three places. Vasari claims that he personally picked up the pieces. David is tall – exactly 14 feet and 3 inches high. His right hand is disproportionately large compared to the body. Why? Because in the Middle Ages, David was commonly said to be of “manu fortis” – strong of hand. David was left-handed. Yup, our hero’s a lefty. The David was originally intended to be placed high up on the facade of Florence’s Duomo. But when people saw the final product, they realized it would be a waste to hide him up there. So, a commission made up of artists (including Botticelli and Leonardo) and leading citizens was formed to decide where to put it. The placement in front of the main entrance to the Palazzo Vecchio was favoured by members of the new Republican government, who transformed the David into a political statement. He was set up as an image of strong government as well as a warning to all who pass. The David displaced another statue, the Judith and Holofernes by Donatello, that previously stood in that location. The runner-up locations were in front of the Duomo or under the Loggia dei Lanzi. The decision to move David to the Accademia for preservation was taken in 1872. The transportation of the colossal work took place in a cart laid on train tracks from Piazza della Signoria to the museum. It took three days. There are many copies of the David. One was given to Queen Victoria, who had it shipped directly to the Victoria and Albert Museum in London in 1857. Queen Victoria then Michelangelo Advancements • • • • • • • Included individuals from the time Copied ideas of Greeks and Romans Created realistic art of humans and environment Perspective – cause appearance of 3 dimensions Shading - round, real Oil paints – reflect light Studied human body Raphael • Blended Christian and classical styles – • The School of Athens : Zeno of Citium 2: Epicurus 3: (Federico II of Mantua?) 4: Anicius Manlius Severinus Boethius or Anaximander or Empedocles? 5: Averroes 6: Pythagoras 7: Alcibiades or Alexander the Great? 8: Antisthenes or Xenophon? 9: (Francesco Maria della Rovere?) 10: Aeschines or Xenophon? 11: Parmenides? 12: Socrates 13: Heraclitus (Michelangelo) 14: Plato (Leonardo da Vinci) 15: Aristotle 16: Diogenes 17: Plotinus (Donatello?) 18: Euclid or Archimedes with students (Bramante)? 19: Zoroaster 20: Ptolemy? R: Apelles (Raphael) 21: Protogenes (Il Sodoma, Perugino, or Timoteo Viti)[12] Raphael – School of Athens Ideal person Changes Baldassare Castiglione • Men – – – Well-educated Well-mannered Poet, Athlete, Music (wellrounded) • Women – Balances man • – – Yin yang Graceful and kind The beauty on the outside is because of the beauty on the inside Castiglione • “Who does not know that without women we can feel no content or satisfaction throughout this life of ours, which but for them would be rude and devoid of all sweetness and more savage than that of wild beasts? Who does not know that women alone banish from our hearts all vile and base thoughts, vexations, miseries, and those turbid melancholies that so often are their fellows?” Mathematics and Art • • • • Proportion Fibonacci Numbers Perspective Golden ratio BODY: Adult body height: 7 heads high Width from shoulder to shoulder: 3 head widths Distance from the hip to toes: 4 heads Distance from top of head to the bottom of chest: 2 heads Distance from wrist to end of outstretched fingers: 1 head Pelvic height: 1 head Distance from elbow to end of outstretched fingers: 2 heads FACE: Eyes are halfway between top of the head and chin Upper lip is halfway between eyes and chin Corners of mouth line up with centers of eyes Top of ears line up above the eyes, on eyebrows Bottom of ears line up with bottom of nose Body and Face Proportions • BODY: Adult body height: 7 heads high Width from shoulder to shoulder: 3 head widths Distance from the hip to toes: 4 heads Distance from top of head to the bottom of chest: 2 heads Distance from wrist to end of outstretched fingers: 1 head Pelvic height: 1 head Distance from elbow to end of outstretched fingers: 2 heads Niccolò Machiavelli • • • The Prince – guide for rulers – End justifies the means Machiavellian – ruthless deceit in politics Realistic?