Transcript Daily Reference Values

Vitamin Requirements
• Daily Values (DV): standard nutrient intake
values developed by FDA
– Includes DRIs (Daily Recommended
Intakes for Individuals) and (DRVs) Daily
Recommended Values (Proteins, etc.)
– Disease prevention
– Best met through a consumption of a
wide variety of foods
Vitamin Requirements
• Dietary Reference Intakes (DRI):
recommendation for individuals (more
accurate, but would be impossible to
label)
– Age
– Gender
– Pregnancy
– Lactation
Vitamin Requirements
• Daily Reference Values (DRV):
standards established for protein and
other dietary components lacking a RDA
or nutrient standard
• Constitute part of the Daily Values (DV)
used on food labels
Dietary Supplements
$6 Billion Market
• They are classified as “Nutritional Supplements” They are
not foods, and not drugs.*
• Supplements are “Product intended to supplement the diet
and contains vitamins, minerals, botanicals, amino acids,
and their extracts.”
• NOT consumed as a food replacement
• Loosely regulated, “not evaluated by FDA”
By definition a
“drug” is used to
“prevent, treat or cure” disease.
These terms cannot be used
with supplements.
Use of some supplements is backed by
scientific data.
Fat Soluble Vitamins
• A – orange, carotenoids, vision, antioxidantused as color and antioxidant
• D – we make it with sunlight, deficiency causes
rickets, in milk, regulates Ca:P ratios
• E – tocopherols, antioxidants, role in preventing
stroke, cancer, heart disease- used as
antioxidant
• K – contributes to blood clotting factor
Vitamin A
• Carrotinoids Used in food industry
as a colorant (orange) (label
friendly)
• Antioxidant (label friendly)
• Stored in liver
• Important for sight
– Deficiency causes ~500,000
cases of “night blindness”
worldwide
• Genetically engineered rice with
high Vitamin A can prevent night
blindness
• Carrotenosis
Vitamin D
• Also known as calciferol due to its role in
calcium absorption
• Main role is to maintain calcium and potassium
levels
• It is the only fat soluble vitamin that we can
make- in the presence of sunlight
• Can be made from cholesterol
Vitamin D
• Can be stored in fat tissues (as can all fat
soluble vitamins)
• Elderly and shut ins are at risk- not enough
sunlight
• We get vitamin D form fortified milk and cereal
• Toxicity is very dangerous
– Occurs only from excess supplementation
– Can lead to calcium deposits in kidneys,
heart and blood vessels
Vitamin D
Rickets can be caused by lack of
sunlight, but also from insufficient
calcium. Vitamin D linked to
calcium absorption.
(Rickets reported in NYC.)
Vitamin E
• A family of eight naturally occurring
compounds
• Used as an anti-oxidant in foods
• Since aging is considered an “oxidation”
reaction, many “anti-oxidants” are used as
dietary supplements
• Deficiencies are not well understood
• Role is stroke, cancer, heart, and immune
response
• Americans spend $300 million per year on
vitamin E supplements
Vitamin K
• Contributes to synthesis of seven blood
clotting factors
• Can be reactivated to continue biological
action
• Works as a cofactor for an enzyme that makes
two bone proteins
Water Soluble Vitamins
• Relatively cheap to
add to food
• Only Vitamin C is
used for its
functionality
Water Soluble Vitamins
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B1, thiamine
B2, riboflavin
B6, pyridoxamine
B12
Biotin
Panothenic acid
Niacin
Folacin
Vitamin C
Water Soluble Vitamins
• Vitamin B1
– Thiamine
– Involved in carbohydrate metabolism
– Helps body metabolize glucose, affects
central nervous system
– Deficiency causes Beri beri
(Singlese, “I can’t, I can’t”)
• B2- riboflavin
– Energy metabolism
Water Soluble Vitamins
• B6 - Pyridoxamine
– Neurotransmitter, co-enzyme in over 100
reactions
• B12 –
– Development of red blood cells
– Lack of it makes one anemic
– Hard for vegans to get
Water Soluble Vitamins
• Biotin –
– Involved in fatty acid synthesis
– Deficiency causes skin disease and hair loss
• Panthothenic acid
– Found in many foods
– Essential for metabolism of carbohydrates,
protein, alcohol and fat
Water Soluble Vitamins
• Choline
– A major component of
cell membranes
– Folacin = Folate = Folic
acid
– Deficiency causes
neural tube defects –
in utero
– Took Rutgers Professor
20 years for FDA
approval as enrichment
Why?
Vitamin C
• Ascorbic acid
• Very inexpensive to add to food, marketing
tool. Antioxidant
• Deficiency leads to bleeding gums,
hemorrhages
• High in citrus fruits, limes, (Limeys)
Vitamin C - Scurvy
Niacin (B3)
• Energy metabolism
• Disease – pellagra – The Four D’s
– Dermatitis
– Diarrhea
– Dementia
– Death
Minerals
• Issues
– Absorption
– Bioavailability
Minerals
• Percent of Body weight
– Calcium
2%
– Phosphorus
– Potassium
– Sulfur
– Sodium
– Chloride
0.1%
– Magnesium
– Iron
1%
0.3%
0.2%
0.1%
0.05%
0.04%
Minerals
• Calcium
– 99% is structural
– ~25% absorption
– Vitamin D aids
absorption
– 75% is obtained from
dairy products
– Many products are
fortified with it
– Built in youth, lost in
maturity
Very hard for vegans to get
enough calcium
Calcium
• Osteoporosis – a pediatric
disease with geriatric
consequences
• 1.5 million fractures each
year- major cause of
subsequent mortality
(25% within one year)
– 14 billion in direct health
cost
– 25 million women at risk
– DRI women 600 – 800
mg/day
National Osteoporosis Foundation
www.nof.org
Calcium
Risk Factors- By Mayo Clinic staff
Your gender.
Age.
Race.
Frame size.
Eating disorders.
Low calcium intake.
Excess soda consumption (Ca:P ratio).
The link between osteoporosis and caffeinated sodas isn't clear, but
caffeine may interfere with calcium absorption and its diuretic effect
may increase mineral loss. In addition, the phosphoric acid in soda
may contribute to bone loss.
Bone density can be improved at any time.
Soda is the devil’s drink
• Extra calories
• Poor nutrient
density
• Interferes with
calcification
• Replaces more
nutritious drinks
Minerals
• Phosphorus
– Easily absorbed by the body
– Enhanced by Vitamin D
– Deficiency are rare
– Soda, phosphoric acid
• Potassium
– A primary electrolyte in blood
– Associated with lower blood pressure
– Athletes
Minerals
• Sodium and Chloride
– Added during processing
– Enhances flavor
– We consume 2X of what we need (DV = 2.4
grams, 1/10 ounce) (show)
– Excess Sodium can lead to hypertension
• High blood pressure
• Salt sensitivity – genetics and race
Salt – Uses in Food
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Enhances other flavors, cuts cost
Salty taste, per se
Increases consumer acceptance
Raises boiling point of liquids (pasta)
Masks bitter tastes
Food safety
Water binding
Minerals
• Sulfur
– Necessary for collagen formation
• Magnesium
– Abundant in plants
Minerals
• Iron
– Most common and easily preventable
deficiency
– Needed for oxygen absorption, immune
function, developmental performance
– Poor absorption from plant sources
– Low iron causes anemia, especially in
menstruating women
– Toxicity
• 6 – 12 vitamins with 100% iron
content will kill a small child
(The dose makes the poison.)
Fortification vs Enrichment
• Fortification - restores lost
nutrients due to processing
• Enrichment – adds nutritional value to
meet a specific standard
Old London
Restaurant Style Croutons. Seasoned
Sourdough.
Enriched Bread,
[Enriched Flour
(Flour,
Niacin,
Ferrous Sulfate,
Thiamin Mononitrate,
Riboflavin,
Folic Acid),
Water,
Yeast,
Sugar,
Salt,
Partially Hydrogenated Soybean Oil ,
Vinegar,
Ascorbic Acid]
Bean Oil with BHT added as a Dextrin