Transcript Vitamins and Minerals

Presentation.
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The Nature of Vitamins
 Vitamins are organic (carbon) compounds
needed for normal function, growth and
maintenance.
 Vitamins are cofactors, they don’t do anything
by themselves.
 They are not a source of calories.
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The Nature of Vitamins
 Organic cofactors – what is a cofactor?
 Water analogy, scissor analogy
 Physiological role – specific metabolic function
 Prevents disease – unlike “supplements” which
may promote “some thing” or have general
metabolic effect
(ex. Omega 3s, fibers)
 Natural = Synthetic (except Vitamin E)
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The Nature of Vitamins
 Nutritional Value lost by:
 Light
 Heat
 Oxidation
 Bacteria
 Enzymes
 Insects
 (Nutritional value of baby
food must be assured.)
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The Nature of Vitamins
 Food processing can
preserve nutrients.
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Vitamin Requirements
 Dietary Reference Intakes (DRI):
recommendation for individuals (more
accurate, but would be impossible to label)
 Age
 Gender
 Pregnancy
 Lactation
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Vitamin Requirements
 Daily Reference Values (DRV): standards
established for protein and other dietary
components lacking a RDA or nutrient
standard
 Constitute part of the Daily Values (DV) used
on food labels
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Dietary Supplements
$6 Billion Market
 They are classified as “Nutritional Supplements” They are not foods, and
not drugs.*
 Supplements are “Product intended to supplement the diet and contains
vitamins, minerals, botanicals, amino acids, and their extracts.”
 NOT consumed as a food replacement
 Loosely regulated, “not evaluated by FDA”
By definition a
“drug” is used to
“prevent, treat or cure” disease.
These terms cannot be used
with supplements.
Use of some supplements is backed by
scientific data.
Fat Soluble Vitamins
 A – orange, carotenoids, vision, antioxidant- used as color
and antioxidant
 D – we make it with sunlight, deficiency causes rickets, in
milk, regulates Ca:P ratios
 E – tocopherols, antioxidants, role in preventing stroke,
cancer, heart disease- used as antioxidant
 K – contributes to blood clotting factor
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Vitamin A
Lots of double bonds, good anti-oxidant
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Vitamin A
 Carrotinoids Used in food industry as a
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colorant (orange) (label friendly)
Antioxidant (label friendly)
Stored in liver
Important for sight
 Deficiency causes ~500,000 cases of
“night blindness” worldwide
Genetically engineered rice with high
Vitamin A can prevent night blindness
Carrotenosis
Vitamin D
 Also known as calciferol due to its role in calcium
absorption
 Main role is to maintain calcium and potassium levels
 It is the only fat soluble vitamin that we can make- in the
presence of sunlight
 Can be made from cholesterol
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Vitamin D
 Can be stored in fat tissues (as can all fat soluble
vitamins)
 Elderly and shut ins are at risk- not enough sunlight
 We get vitamin D form fortified milk and cereal
 Toxicity is very dangerous
 Occurs only from excess supplementation
 Can lead to calcium deposits in kidneys, heart and
blood vessels
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Vitamin D
Rickets can be caused by lack of
sunlight, but also from insufficient
calcium. Vitamin D linked to
calcium absorption.
(Rickets reported in NYC.)
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Vitamin E
 A family of eight naturally occurring compounds
 Used as an anti-oxidant in foods
 Since aging is considered an “oxidation” reaction, many
“anti-oxidants” are used as dietary supplements
 Deficiencies are not well understood
 Role is stroke, cancer, heart, and immune response
 Americans spend $300 million per year on vitamin E
supplements
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Vitamin K
 Contributes to synthesis of seven blood clotting
factors
 Can be reactivated to continue biological action
 Works as a cofactor for an enzyme that makes two bone
proteins
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Water Soluble Vitamins
 Relatively cheap to add
to food
 Only Vitamin C is used
for its functionality
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Water Soluble Vitamins
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B1, thiamine
B2, riboflavin
B6, pyridoxamine
B12
Biotin
Panothenic acid
Niacin
Folacin
Vitamin C
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Water Soluble Vitamins
 Vitamin B1
 Thiamine
 Involved in carbohydrate metabolism
 Helps body metabolize glucose, affects central nervous
system
 Deficiency causes Beri beri
(Singlese, “I can’t, I can’t”)
 B2- riboflavin
 Energy metabolism
Water Soluble Vitamins
 B6 - Pyridoxamine
 Neurotransmitter, co-enzyme in over 100 reactions
 B12 –
 Development of red blood cells
 Lack of it makes one anemic
 Hard for vegans to get
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Water Soluble Vitamins
 Biotin –
 Involved in fatty acid synthesis
 Deficiency causes skin disease and hair loss
 Panthothenic acid
 Found in many foods
 Essential for metabolism of carbohydrates, protein,
alcohol and fat
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Water Soluble Vitamins
 Choline
 A major component of cell
membranes
 Folacin = Folate = Folic acid
 Deficiency causes neural
tube defects – in utero
 Took Rutgers Professor 20
years to for FDA approval as
enrichment Why?
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Vitamin C
 Ascorbic acid
 Very inexpensive to add to food, marketing tool.
Antioxidant
 Deficiency leads to bleeding gums, hemorrhages
 High in citrus fruits, limes, (Limeys)
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Vitamin C - Scurvy
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Niacin (B3)
 Energy metabolism
 Disease – pellagra – The Four D’s
 Dermatitis
 Diarrhea
 Dementia
 Death
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Minerals
 Issues
 Absorption
 Bioavailability
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Minerals
 Percent of Body weight
 Calcium
2%
1%
 Phosphorus
 Potassium
 Sulfur
 Sodium
 Chloride
 Magnesium
 Iron
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0.3%
0.2%
0.1%
0.1%
0.05%
0.04%
Minerals
 Calcium
 99% is structural
 ~25% absorption
 Vitamin D aids absorption
 75% is obtained from
dairy products
 Many products are
fortified with it
 Built in youth, lost in
maturity
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Very hard for vegans to get
enough calcium
Calcium
 Osteoporosis – a pediatric disease
with geriatric consequences
 1.5 million fractures each yearmajor cause of subsequent
mortality (25% within one year)
 14 billion in direct health cost
 25 million women at risk
 DRI women 600 – 800 mg/day
National Osteoporosis
Foundation www.nof.org
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Calcium
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Risk Factors- By Mayo Clinic staff
Your gender.
Age.
Race.
Frame size.
Eating disorders.
Low calcium intake.
Excess soda consumption (Ca:P ratio).
The link between osteoporosis and caffeinated sodas isn't clear, but
caffeine may interfere with calcium absorption and its diuretic effect
may increase mineral loss. In addition, the phosphoric acid in soda
may contribute to bone loss.
Bone density can be improved at any time.
Soda is the devil’s drink
 Extra calories
 Poor nutrient density
 Interferes with
calcification
 Replaces more
nutritious drinks
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Minerals
 Phosphorus
 Easily absorbed by the body
 Enhanced by Vitamin D
 Deficiency are rare
 Soda, phosphoric acid
 Potassium
 A primary electrolyte in blood
 Associated with lower blood pressure
 Athletes
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Minerals
 Sodium and Chloride
 Added during processing
 Enhances flavor
 We consume 2X of what we need (DV = 2.4 grams, 1/10
ounce) (show)
 Excess Sodium can lead to hypertension
 High blood pressure
 Salt sensitivity – genetics and race
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Salt – Uses in Food
 Enhances other flavors, cuts cost
 Salty taste, per se
 Increases consumer acceptance
 Raises boiling point of liquids (pasta)
 Masks bitter tastes
 Food safety
 Water binding
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Minerals
 Sulfur
 Necessary for collagen formation
 Magnesium
 Abundant in plants
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Minerals
 Iron
 Most common and easily preventable deficiency
 Needed for oxygen absorption, immune function,
developmental performance
 Poor absorption from plant sources
 Low iron causes anemia, especially in menstruating
women
 Toxicity
 6 – 12 vitamins with 100% iron content will kill a
small child
(The dose makes the poison.)
Fortification vs Enrichment
 Fortification - restores lost
nutrients due to processing
 Enrichment – adds nutritional value to
meet a specific standard
Old London
Restaurant Style Croutons. Seasoned
Sourdough.
Enriched Bread,
[Enriched Flour
(Flour,
Niacin,
Ferrous Sulfate,
Thiamin Mononitrate,
Riboflavin,
Folic Acid),
Water,
Yeast,
Sugar,
Salt,
Partially Hydrogenated Soybean Oil ,
Vinegar,
Ascorbic Acid]
Bean Oil with BHT added as a Dextrin
“Enriched Uranium
MERCI.
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