Transcript Vitamins and Minerals

Vitamins and Minerals
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The Nature of Vitamins
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Vitamins are organic (carbon) compounds
needed for normal function, growth and
maintenance.
Vitamins are cofactors, they don’t do
anything by themselves.
They are not a source of calories.
Vitamin Requirements
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Daily Values (DV): standard nutrient intake values
developed by FDA
– Disease prevention
– Best met through a consumption of a wide
variety of foods
Dietary Supplements
$6 Billion Market
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They are classified as “Nutritional Supplements” They are not foods,
and not drugs.*
Supplements are “Product intended to supplement the diet and
contains vitamins, minerals, botanicals, amino acids, and their
extracts.”
NOT consumed as a food replacement
Loosely regulated, “not evaluated by FDA”
“drug” is used to
“prevent, treat or cure” disease.
By definition a
These terms cannot be used with supplements.
Use of some supplements is backed by
scientific data.
Fat Soluble Vitamins
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A – orange, helps vision, antioxidant- used as color
and antioxidant
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D – we make it with sunlight, deficiency causes
rickets, in milk, regulates Calcium:Potassium ratios
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E – antioxidants, role in preventing stroke, cancer,
heart disease- used as antioxidant
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K – contributes to blood clotting factor
Vitamin A
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Antioxidant
Stored in liver
Important for sight
– Deficiency causes ~500,000 cases
of “night blindness” worldwide
Genetically engineered rice with high
Vitamin A can prevent night blindness
Carrotenosis: more vitamin A than
needed, orange cast to skin
Vitamin D
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Also known as calciferol due to its role in calcium
absorption
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Main role is to maintain calcium and potassium
levels
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It is the only fat soluble vitamin that we can makein the presence of sunlight
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Can be made from cholesterol
Vitamin D
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Elderly and shut ins are at risk- not enough
sunlight
We get vitamin D form fortified milk and cereal
Toxicity is very dangerous
– Occurs only from excess supplementation
– Can lead to calcium deposits in kidneys, heart
and blood vessels
Vitamin D
Rickets can be caused by lack of
sunlight, but also from insufficient
calcium. Vitamin D linked to
calcium absorption.
(Rickets reported in NYC.)
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Vitamin E
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A family of eight naturally occurring compounds
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Deficiencies are not well understood
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Role is stroke, cancer, heart, and immune
response
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Americans spend $300 million per year on vitamin
E supplements
Vitamin K
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Contributes to synthesis of seven blood
clotting factors
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Can be reactivated to continue biological action
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Works as a cofactor for an enzyme that makes two
bone proteins
Water Soluble Vitamins
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Relatively cheap to
add to food
Only Vitamin C is
used for its
functionality
Water Soluble Vitamins
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B1, thiamine
B2, riboflavin
B6, pyridoxamine
B12
Biotin
Panothenic acid
Niacin
Folacin
Vitamin C
Water Soluble Vitamins
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Vitamin B1
– Thiamine
– Involved in carbohydrate metabolism
– Helps body metabolize glucose, affects central
nervous system
– Deficiency causes Beri beri
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B2- riboflavin
– Energy metabolism
Water Soluble Vitamins
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B6 - Pyridoxamine
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B12 –
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Neurotransmitter, co-enzyme in over 100
reactions
Development of red blood cells
Lack of it makes one anemic
Hard for vegans to get (found in meat)
Water Soluble Vitamins
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Biotin –
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Panthothenic acid
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Involved in fatty acid synthesis
Deficiency causes skin disease and hair loss
Found in many foods
Essential for metabolism of carbohydrates,
protein, alcohol and fat
Water Soluble Vitamins
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Choline
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A major component of cell
membranes
Folacin = Folate = Folic
acid
Deficiency causes neural
tube defects – in
mother’s uterus
Took Rutgers Professor 20
years to for FDA approval
as enrichment Why?
Vitamin C
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Ascorbic acid
Very inexpensive to add to food, marketing
tool. Antioxidant
Deficiency leads to bleeding gums,
hemorrhages
High in citrus fruits, limes, (Limeys)
Vitamin C - Scurvy
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Niacin (B3)
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Energy metabolism
Disease – pellagra – The Four D’s
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Dermatitis
Diarrhea
Dementia
Death
Minerals
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Issues
– Absorption
– Bioavailability
Minerals
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Percent of Body weight
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Calcium
Phosphorus
Potassium
Sulfur
Sodium
Chloride
Magnesium
Iron
2%
1%
0.3%
0.2%
0.1%
0.1%
0.05%
0.04%
Minerals
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Calcium
– 99% is structural
– ~25% absorption
– Vitamin D aids
absorption
– 75% is obtained from
dairy products
– Many products are
fortified with it
– Built in youth, lost in
maturity
Very hard for vegans to get
enough calcium
Calcium
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Osteoporosis – a pediatric
disease with geriatric
consequences
National Osteoporosis
Foundation www.nof.org
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Calcium
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Minerals
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Phosphorus
– Easily absorbed by the body
– Enhanced by Vitamin D
– Deficiency are rare
– Soda, phosphoric acid
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Potassium
– A primary electrolyte in blood
– Associated with lower blood pressure
– Athletes
Minerals
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Sodium and Chloride
– Added during processing
– Enhances flavor
– Excess Sodium can lead to hypertension
 High blood pressure
 Salt sensitivity – genetics and race
Minerals
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Sulfur
– Necessary for collagen formation
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Magnesium
– Abundant in plants
Minerals
Iron
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Most common and easily preventable deficiency
oxygen absorption
Poor absorption from plant sources
anemia, especially in menstruating women
Toxicity
 6 – 12 vitamins with 100% iron content will kill a
small child
(The dose makes the poison.)
Fortification vs Enrichment
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Fortification - restores lost
nutrients due to processing
Enrichment – adds nutritional value to
meet a specific standard
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Old London
Restaurant Style Croutons. Seasoned
Sourdough.
Enriched Bread,
[Enriched Flour
(Flour,
Niacin,
Ferrous Sulfate,
Thiamin Mononitrate,
Riboflavin,
Folic Acid),
Water,
Yeast,
Sugar,
Salt,
Partially Hydrogenated Soybean Oil ,
Vinegar,
Ascorbic Acid]
Bean Oil with BHT added as a Dextrin
Enriched Uranium
“Enriched Uranium
Your Work!
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Look up one of your favorite foods online.
Find a nutrition label or the nutrition facts for that
food.
Answer the following questions about that food:
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What vitamins and minerals are listed on the labels?
When a label lists vitamins and minerals, does this mean the food is good
for
you?
Can you tell if the vitamins and minerals listed on the label are naturally in
the
food or if they have been added?
What does it mean when a food has been “fortified?”
Why are some foods fortified?