Transcript PHOTOSYNTHESIS HOW PLANTS MAKE THEIR

If plants can make their own food
they are called?
• AUTOTROPHS
• If we can not make our own food we are
called?
• HETERTROPHS
PHOTOSYNTHESIS
• HOW PLANTS MAKE THEIR OWN ENERGY –
GLUCOSE
• FORMULA IS:
• CO2 + H2O + SUNLIGHT--->C6H12O6 + O2
• IT IS A SERIES OF CHEMICAL PROCESSES
COUPLED WITH LIGHT PIGMENTS.
• LET’S LOOK AT TWO CHEMICAL
PROCESSES…
Plant & Animal Cells need
CHEMICAL ENERGY
In the form of ATP
• ADENOSINE TRI PHOSPHATE
• REMOVE A PO4 GROUP & ENERGY IS
RELEASED & BECOMES ______
• ADP CAN BECOME _____
Energy!
Oxidation & Reduction
• Reduction is…
• When an atom gains an e- its charge is
reduced. It becomes more negative
• Oxidation is …
• When an atom loses an e- its charge
becomes positive.
• Photosynthesis & Cell Respiration is a
series of oxidation/reduction reactions.
LEAVES ARE WHERE PHOTOSYNTHESIS
TAKES PLACE
SUNLIGHT REACTS IN THE
CHLOROPLAST
LIGHT HAS MANY COLORS
• THE COLOR WE SEE IS VISIBLE LIGHT
WHAT COLOR LIGHT DO PLANTS
ABSORB TO MAKE GLUCOSE?
• RED, BLUE & VIOLET ARE BEST
• THEY REFLECT OTHER COLORS LIKE GREEN,
YELLOW, ETC
Plant pigments
• CHLOROPHYLL a IS THE PRIMARY
ONE- green
• CHLOROPHYLL b IS ANOTHER ONEgreenish yellow
• Carotenoids are yellow, orange and red
pigments
A closer look at the Thylakoid
STROMA Gel-like
substance surrounds
Granum
Photosynthesis Overview
chloroplast
Granum
PHOTOSYSTEM II & I
PS II
H2O is split by Sunlight
PSI
MOVING OF H electron’s IN THE THYLAKOID
MEMBRANE PHII & PHI
NADP
• NADP in PH II
accepts an e- from
Hydrogen (H2O) to
become NADPH.
• NADPH moves onto
PHI
• The movement of
these e-’s causes
ATP.
PHOTOSYSTEM II COMES 1ST!
• STEP 1. LIGHT AND CO2 ARE ABSORBED
BY THE LEAVES
• STEP 2. THE LIGHT SPLITS THE WATER. O2
IS RELEASED INTO THE ATMOSPHERE.
• STEP 3. H+ IS ENERGIZED AND WANTS TO
GET INTO THE THYLAKOID MEMBRANE.
• ADP is in the thylakoid and becomes ATP
• ATP is made in the Electron Transport Carrier
PHOTOSYSTEM I 2nd Step
• H+ GETS INTO THE THYLAKOID
MEMBRANE
• CREATES ATP FROM ADP (ADDS A
PO4)
• NADPH is created from NADP
(REDUCTION)
3rd Step CALVIN CYCLE AKA
DARK (C3) REACTION
• THIS IS WHERE GLUCOSE IS MADE FOR
THE PLANT
• OCCURS IN THE STROMA (SPACE BTWN) OF
THE CHLOROPLAST
• NO SUNLIGHT IS NEEDED. ONLY NEEDS
CO2, ATP & NADPH FROM PS I & PS II
• CALVIN CYCLE CONVERTS ATP TO ADP &
CONVERTS NADPH TO NADP (VIA
OXIDATION, REMOVAL OF e-)
PS II, PS I & CALVIN CYCLE
OUTPUTS
OF CC
PRODUCT OF
CC
CELL RESPIRATION
Animals do this!
• They have to break down food molecules
to create energy and release H2O & CO2
as by products
• FORMULA IS:
• C6H12O6 + O2----ENERGY+CO2 + H20
• The 1st step is called GLYCOLYSIS
Step 1. GLYCOLYSIS
Starts with the break down of Glucose (or
any other type of organic compound)
• OCCURS IN THE CYTOPLASM OF
ALL CELLS
• No O2 is required, anaerobic
respiration
• 1. THROUGH A SERIES OF
REACTIONS, IT WILL PRODUCE:
• 4 ATPS, AND 2 NADH+ & 2 PYRUVATES
Overview of Glycolysis
Step 2 Krebs Cycle
Aerobic Respiration
Step 2 of Cell Respiration
The Krebs Cycle AKA CITRIC ACID
• Oxidation reactions happen inside the
Mitochondria to create electron transporters and
ATP
• Oxygen must be present!
• 2 Acetyl CoA’s (pyruvate converted) now enters
the Krebs cycle.
• For each Acetyl CoA we get:
• 1. cycle in the Krebs cycle to make:
• 1 ATP, 3 NADH and 1 FADH (e- transporters)
• So how many cycles, ATP, NADH and FADH will
occur in total?
Structure of the Mitochondria & the ETC
(Step 3)
http://www.mhhe.com/biosci/genbio/labeling/labeling07-1.htm
STEP 3
STEP 4
Step 3 Electron Transport Chain
• What are we transporting?
• Electrons along the INNER mitochondrial
membrane!
• Transporting NADH & FADH from
Glycolysis and Krebs to ETC
ETC
NADH & FADH!
ELECTRON TRANSPORTERS!
What NADH FADH does
& what happens to the extra H+ protons
FADH
Step 4 ATP Synthase Channel & the power of H+
protons
http://www.stolaf.edu/people/giannini/flashanimat/metabolism/atpsyn1.swf
STEP 4 ATP SYNTHASE
http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0070271348/student_view0/chapter7/elearning.html
• H+ PROTONS NEED TO GET BACK
INTO THE MITOCHONDRIAL MATRIX
• THEY DO THIS VIA THE ATP
SYNTHASE CHANNEL
• JUST LIKE IN PHOTOSYNTHESIS THIS
ALLOWS FOR ADP TO BECOME ATP
WHEN THE H+ PROTONS ENTER
• THIS HELPS TO MAKE 34 MOLECULES
OF ATP!
ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION
no O2 required
• There are 2 kinds
• 1. Lactic Acid Fermentation
• 2. Alcohol Fermentation
Alcohol Fermentation,
yeast do this.
• It still begins
w/Glycolysis to make
ATP, NADH &
Pyruvate
• Pyruvate loses CO2
which then turns into
Ethanol (an alcohol)
• NADH becomes
oxidized to NAD and
is recycled back to
glycolysis
Lactic Acid Fermentation
Our muscles do this when we exercise!
• It still begins
w/Glycolysis to make
ATP, NADH &
Pyruvate
• Pyruvate is oxidized
to lactate by the
NADH
• NADH then becomes
NAD and is recycled
back to glycolysis.