Transcript Biochemistry

Biochemistry
and
Vertebrate Evolution
Note underlined terms!
(This presentation online at www.redwood.org/stewart
[click today’s agenda])
VERTEBRATE UNIT GOALS
 PRIOR KNOWLEDGE (Islands): To predict the
phenotypes (physical characteristics) of organisms
based on the genes that were passed down from the
parent generation.
 To understand how we classify vertebrates based on
their physical traits and genes (Semester 1).
 To understand the process of protein synthesis and
how proteins affect the physical traits of an organism.
 To understand how biotechnology can be used to
further our understanding of vertebrate evolution.
I. Taxonomy & Evolutionary Relationships (Review)
A. Taxonomy - categorizing organisms into groups (taxa)
1. Groups are based on similarities and differences of :
a. Physical traits - structure (anatomy) and function
(physiology)
b. Biochemical composition - DNA (genes) and proteins
B. Taxonomy & Evolutionary Relationships - the more
similar two species are the more closely related they are to
one another.
1. they inherited these similarities from a common ancestor
II. Biochemical Composition of Living Things
A. Biological Organization
ATOM
ORGANELLE
MOLECULE
MACROMOLECULE
ORGAN
SYSTEM
ORGANISM
ORGAN
TISSUE
CELL
II. Biochemical Composition of Living Things
Nucleic acids make proteins, proteins make organisms
B. Nucleic Acids (DNA, RNA) - store genetic information
1. universal code (blueprints) for making proteins
C. Proteins - determine physical traits
1. structure - materials for building cells
2. function • carry substances throughout the body, in & out of cells
• trigger muscle movements
• assists with all chemical reactions in the body
• protect the body against disease
III. Nucleic Acids - DNA & RNA
A. Building Blocks of Nucleic Acids


1. nucleotides
• 3 basic parts:
A “ladder rung” or
“brick” of DNA
ACTorG

B. Nucleotides make Nucleic Acids
1. a phosphate group of one nucleotide attaching to
the sugar of another nucleotide
2. base pairing - bases bond with complimentary bases
III. Nucleic Acids - DNA & RNA
C. DNA - deoxyribonucleic acid
• contains genes
One nucleotide
(ladder rung)
• Replication is how new DNA
is produced. ANIMATION.
(End of Part 1)
III. Nucleic Acids - DNA & RNA
D. RNA - ribonucleic acid
• DNA “master plan” builds
RNA (“blueprint”) in process
called Transcription. MOVIE
III. Nucleic Acids - DNA & RNA
E. Differences Between DNA & RNA
1. DNA
2. RNA

A. Sugars
deoxyribose
sugar
B. # of strands
doublestranded
C. Bases
A-T
G-C
ribose sugar
singlestranded
A-U
G-C
in nucleus,
cytoplasm &
ribosome

DNA
RNA
D. Location
in the
nucleus
NOTE:
There are 3 major
types of RNA:
messenger RNA
transfer RNA &
ribosomal RNA
(End of Part 2)
IV. Protein Synthesis
A. DNA “master plan”
builds RNA (“blueprint”)in
process called Transcription.
MOVIE.
B. RNA then used to make
proteins in process called
Translation.
ANIMATION. MOVIE.
IV. Protein Synthesis
C. Building the
protein
mRNA
p. 149
IV. Protein Synthesis
D. The Connection: Nucleic Acids, Proteins & Traits
DNA -> RNA -> Protein -> Trait
Master plan ->
Analogy:
Blueprint copy -> Building Materials -> Part of building
IV. Protein Synthesis
D. Summary
Nucleotides (ACTG)
+ DNA Polymerase
Nucleotides (ACUG)
+ RNA Polymerase
Amino acids
1 gene (piece of DNA) --> 1 protein
V. Proteins
A. Building Blocks of Proteins
1. amino acids
2. amino acids are
attached to one another
by peptide bonds to
form polypeptide chains
B. Amino Acids --> Proteins
1. proteins differ due to the number,
kind, sequence and arrangement of
amino acids
2. A peptide is a bond between 2
amino acids. Chains of amino acids,
or polypeptide chains, fold into 3-D
structures to form functional proteins.
VI. Mutations
and
VII. Why study biochem.
in
Biochem. and Evol., cont’d.
(The
End)