Transcript 关于〈医学导论〉这门课
医学史简论（5） A Brief History of Medicine Yu Hai Zhejiang University School of Medicine Origin of Medicine Egypt Babylon India China Western Medicine Greece Rome Medieval Arabic medicine Renaissance Pre-modern medicine Modern medicine TCM Medicine in Byzantine Empire ( 495 AD to 1453 AD ) 293AD Diocletian divided Rome Empire into Eastern and Western： 476AD fall of Western Empire 330 AD Constantine I moved the capital to Byzantine and changed the name to Constantinople；1453AD Constantinople was conquered by Ottoman Empire，changed Constantinople to Istanbul Byzantine Medicine Inherited from ancient Greek and Roman medicine, influenced on Islamic medicine and the Western rebirth of Medicine during the Renaissance. Constantinople became the center of medicine in middle age. The first hospital was built by Basil of Caesarea （ bishop of Caesarea）in the late 4th century , there was a dedicated hierarchy including the Chief Physician， professional nurses and the orderlies . Established medical schools Famous doctors and compilation of text books：Paul (Medical Compendium in Seven Books), Oribasius （Synagoga Medicae ），Aetius （Tetrabiblos ）， Alexander 阿拉伯-伊斯兰医学 Arab-Islamic Medicine The rising of Islam and Islamic Empire in 7th centure Prophet Muhammad Abu al-Qasim Muhammad Ibn Abd Allah Ibn Abd alMuttalib Ibn Hashim 570Mecca－632Medina Saracen Empire (632-1258) Caesaropapism 阿拉伯-伊斯兰医学 Arab-Islamic Medicine Islamic medicine was a genre of medical writing that was influenced by several different medical systems, including the traditional Arabian medicine of Muhammad‘s time, ancient Hellenistic medicine such as Unani, ancient Indian medicine such as Ayurveda, and the ancient Iranian medicine . The works of ancient Greek and Roman physicians Hippocrates and Galen had a lasting impact on Islamic medicine The first Muslim physician is believed to have been the prophet Muhammad himself, as a significant number of hadiths concerning medicine are attributed to him: "There is no disease that Allah has created, except that He also has created its treatment. "Make use of medical treatment, for Allah has not made a disease without appointing a remedy for it, with the exception of one disease, namely old age." "Allah has sent down both the disease and the cure, and He has appointed a cure for every disease, so treat yourselves medically." "The one who sent down the disease sent down the remedy." "For every disease, Allah has given a cure." 阿拉伯-伊斯兰医学 Graeco-Arabic (Hundred Years) Translation Movement In Abbasid Caliphate (7501258) particularly in Caliph Al-Mamun (813-833) period Islam scholars (Masawayh, Huayn etc.) translated classical Greek, Roman text of philosophy, science, literature as well as medicine into Arabic, therefore large amount of classical work preserved. Arab-Islamic Medicine 炼金术 Alkimiya (alchemy) Promoted the development of chemistry •Instrument of chemistry •chemicals •Chemical methods (distillation, crystallization, sublimation, calcination) Kim-金 Chinese alkimiya for elixir of life (immortality) 阿拉伯-伊斯兰医学 Arab-Islamic Medicine Pharmacy 1400+ drugs (camphor, senna, rhubarb, musk, nutmeg, alum, ambergris) Chemical drugs Forms of drugs 阿拉伯药房 Arabic Pharmacy Cataract Couching Couching, a method of traditional cataract (lens opacity)treatment, it typically involves the use of a sharp or blunt instrument to dislocate the cataract lens and push it back into the posterior chamber of the eye. 阿拉伯-伊斯兰医学 Arab-Islamic Medicine Cataract couching Indian （Sushuruta）-Greek-Arabic-China （金针拨障术, 唐.王焘） Arabic Greek Lens suspensory ligament vitreous body -aphakia 阿拉伯-伊斯兰医学 Arab-Islamic Medicine Avicenna (980-1037), Full name: Hussain ibn Abdullah ibn Hassan ibn Ali ibn Sina (Ali AlHusain ben Abdalah Ibn sina). Born in Afshana, near Bukhara (Uzbekistan), in a Persian family Avicenna’s tomb in Hamadan, Iran 阿拉伯医学 Arabic-Islamic Medicine Avicenna: Canon of Medicine was a standard medical text at many medieval universities, and used as a text-book in the Universities of Montpellier and Louvain as late as 1650. Doctor of doctors 阿拉伯-伊斯兰医学 Arab-Islamic Medicine 文艺复兴 Renaissance The Renaissance of European civilization (rebirth） A period between Middle Ages and the Modern era in 1417th century beginning in Florence Italy in the late Middle Ages and later spreading to the rest of Europe. A cultural movement of literature, philosophy, art, science and religion resulted in social and political revolution. Florence 翡冷翠 Firenze 文艺复兴 Renaissance：background The fall of Byzantine Empire led to the exodus of Greek scholars to Italy and brought with them texts and knowledge of the classical Greek civilization which had been lost for centuries in the West, people rediscovered the classical ideas that have been forgotten by Western civilization. Fall of Constantinople Renaissance：Background 十字军东征 Crusades (1096-1291) 9 times Science and knowledge was brought back from the Middle East by crusaders in the 13th century Renaissance：background Marco Polo in China Columbus 1492 Renaissance：background 1346-1353 Outbreak of black death (plagues) the death toll reached to 25 millions (1/3 of European population) 1348 Pope Clement VI called the followers to Rome, 1.2 million pilgrims died only 1/10 survived. Renaissance：background 科学 Science Mathematics and scientific method great contributions in the fields of astronomy, physics, biology and . anatomy Petrarch 1304-1374 人文主义 Humanism Galileo Galilei (1564 –1642)[ Human interests, needs, values, worth, and dignity are taken to be of primary importance, as in moral judgments. 文艺复兴：Renaissance：arts Italian polymath, being a scientist, mathematician, engineer, inventor, painter, sculptor, architect, botanist, musician and writer and also a anatomist. 达芬奇 1452-1519 Leonardo da Vinci Vitruvian (Roman architect) man (Proportion of man) 1487 Leonardo da Vinci: Monalisa Last supper 文艺复兴：Renaissance：arts Buonarroti Michelangelo 1475-1564 The creation (Sistine) Michelangelo David The Pieta 文艺复兴：Renaissance：arts Jesus & Madonna Raphael 1483-1520 Virgin and Child The School of Athens Renaissance medicine：Anatomy Early Renaissance Greece and Rome （Galen） 中世纪 Renaissance medicine：Anatomy Middle Ages Renaissance medicine：Anatomy Arabic Early Renaissance period 阿 拉 伯 女 性 解 剖 图 文 艺 复 兴 早 期 解 剖 图 （ 显 示 血 管 ） 中国古代的解剖学 China, Song Dynasty Physician Yang Jie（1102— 1106）did dissection on body of executed prisoner and asked painter to draw the antomy 内景图Ming Dynasty (1368-1644) 脏腑明堂图 Zangfumingtangtu （1906） Renaissance medicine：Anatomy Contribution of Da Vinci on anatomy •Dissected at least 30 human corpses •Studied the movement of muscle •Challenged Galen’s mistakes •750 drawings（150 left） Da Vinci 达芬奇解剖图 Renaissance medicine：Anatomy Andreas Vesalius Studied at University of Paris and University of Leuven Professor of Surgery and Anatomy in Padua University, the founder of modern human anatomy. 1543 Published De humani corporis fabrica (On the Workings of the Human Body). Andreas Vesalius 维萨里 1514-1564 Andreas Vesalius Performed his own dissections rather than reading aloud while a demonstrator did the dissection, using drawings in teaching anatomy Criticized Galen for his methods in studying anatomy Anatomic Diagrams Illustrated by Johann Stephen von Calcar (student of Tiziano Vecellio) Andreas Vesalius: Anatomic Diagrams Base of the brain, showing optic chiasma, cerebellum, olfactory bulb, etc Vesalius's Fabrica contained many intricately detailed drawings of human dissections, often in allegorical poses. Renaissance medicine：Anatomy Spanish theologian, physician, cartographer and humanist. First to describe the function of pulmonary circulation, but condemned by Catholics and Protestants alike, he was burnt at the stake as a heretic by order of the Protestant Geneva governing council. Michael Servetus 1511-1553 文艺复兴和医学：解剖学的发展 William Harvey 1578-1657 Harvey announced his discovery of the circulatory system in 1616 and in 1628 published his work Exercitatio Anatomica de Motu Cordis et Sanguinis in Animalibus (An Anatomical Exercise on the Motion of the Heart and Blood in Animals), and described the pulmonary circulation and systemic circulation Heart output：100-150ml x65=10p With careful observation and quantitative experiments challenged Galen’s theory on the artery and vein 显微解剖学Microscopic Anatomy Early 17th century English man Digges and Dutch spectacle maker Zaccharias and Hans Janssen invented first microscopy Two convex lenses 显微解剖学的发展Microscopic Anatomy 1610 Galileo worked our the priciples of lenses and made a better instrument with focusing device enlarging for 70 times 显微解剖学的发展 1694 马尔比基 1628- Marcello Malpighi Microscopic Anatomy Observed biological tissues with microscope as the pioneer of histology and embryology 显微解剖学的发展Microscopic Anatomy The discovery of capillary, microscopic structure of lung and kidney Malpighian alveoli Capillaries in frog mesentery Malpighian corpuscle （Malpighian body） Malpighian Tubules 显微解剖学的发展Microscopic Anatomy 虎克 1635-1702 Robert Hooke 显微解剖学的发展Microscopic Anatomy Discovery of compound eyes in insects The discovery of cell and its naming (cork) 显微解剖学的发展Microscopic Anatomy Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 1632-1723 A Dutch cloth merchant used new method for grinding and polishing tiny lenses of great curvature which gave magnifications up to 270 diameters 显微解剖学的发展 Microscopic Anatomy Leeuwenhoek was first to see and describe bacteria as animalcules (tiny animals), became the father of microbiology, he was also first to record microscopic observations of muscle fibers, spermatozoa, and blood flow in capillaries. 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