Transcript Renaissance & Discovery

Renaissance & Discovery
Chapter 10
AP EURO
Ms. Callejas-Centeno
Free Response Essay #1
Analyze the influence of humanism on the
visual arts in the Italian Renaissance. Use
at least 3 specific works to support your
analysis (2004)
What is the Renaissance?
An age of Recovery
A transition from Medieval to Early
Modern
“Re-birth” of Art & Culture
Began in Italy, Spread throughout Europe
The Renaissance Began In…
Florence, Italy
1375-1527
Italian City - States
Independent
Principalities:
1. Milan
2. Papal States
3. Kingdom of Naples
4. Venice
5. Florence
6. Genoa
Urban Centers
By the 1300’s
Florence, Venice, and
Milan all had
populations of
100,000 people
Location! Location! Location!
Geography gave
Italian city states:
Cultural / Commercial
advantage
International trade
13th-14th Centuries:
Trade rich cities
became wealthy “city
states”
Why Florence, Italy?
1. Textile Industry
Florentine Luxury
cloth traded
throughout Europe &
Asia
Employed 30,000
workers
Why Florence, Italy?
2. Agriculture
In River valleys of
Tuscany & Lombardy
Production of grains,
wine, vegetables
Agricultural surplus
Why Florence, Italy?
3. Geographic
Location
Proximity to
Mediterranean trade
routes/International trade
Most prosperous &
Wealthy City State
5th largest city in Europe
by mid 1350’s
The Italian Renaissance
Emphasized…
1. A Revival of
Classical Antiquity
Re-discovery of Greek
& Roman art, culture,
Literature
The Italian Renaissance
Emphasized…
2. Individualism- A
Revived Emphasis On
Individual Ability
L’uomo Universale
“Universal Person”
Capable of achievements
in many areas of his life
“well rounded education”
“A celebration of the
individual”
The Italian Renaissance
Emphasized…
3. Secularismthe secular world (not
associated with
religion) gained
importance
The Italian Renaissance
Emphasized…
4. Humanism An
Intellectual Movement
based on the study of the
classical works of ancient
Greece & Rome
That advocated Studia
Humanitatis (Liberal
Studies)
Francesco Petrarch <-<(1304-1374) -“Father
of Humanism”
Humanists Believed In…
A Well rounded
liberal arts education
Studia Humanitas –
grammar, rhetoric,
philosophy, history,
poetry
Secular occupations
CH10
SOCIAL CLASS, POWER &
POLITICS IN FLORENCE
Social Classes
1. Grandi – “old rich”
nobles & merchants
2. Popolo Grosso –
“fat people” newly
rich merchant class
(bankers, capitalists)
5% of population
Social Classes
3. Middle
Burgher/Mediocri –
shop owners,
professionals, guild
masters, artisans
4. Popolo minuto –
“little people” lower
economic classes
Maintaining Power & Social
Status
Marriage = alliance
of powerful,
wealthy families
Marriages
reinforced status &
power
See Document 2.1:
“Marriage Negotiations:
The Strozzi, 1464-65”
Duke & Duchess of Urbino, 1472
Artist: Piero della
Francesca
Federico da Montefeltro &
his 2nd wife, Battista
Marriage: he was 35, she
13
Had 7 daughters
She died at 26 at the birth
of 7th child.
Florentine Politics
1378 Ciompi Revolt
(“the wooden shoes”)
Peasants “Popolo
minuto “ rebelled
against the upper
classes
Lower classes ruled
Florence 4 years
until…
Cosimo de’ Medici
Gained control of
Florence (1434)
Despot – ruled with
absolute power
Medici family also
known as the
“Merchant Princes”
Medici Family Background
Gained wealth:
1. Manufacture &
commerce of textiles
2. Banking
3. Official Bankers of
Catholic Church
“Climb “ to the Top
Medici Family used
bribery, corruption,
intimidation to gain
power
Manipulated elections
Signoria – council of 8
“rule”
Loyal to Medici
“Amici Degli Amici”
Friends of the de’
Medici: Networking:
“Friends of Friends”
Enemies of the de’
Medici: Brutta Figura
–intimidation tactic
Public humiliation
Patrons of the Arts
Cosimo de’ Medici
Sponsored artists to
produce great works:
Medici Library
Fillipo Brunnelleschi
(architect)
Donatello (artist)
Cosimo’s Grandson
Lorenzo “the
Magnificent” (r. 14781492)
Paid artists to beautify
city
Medici “godfathers of
the Renaissance”
Niccolo Machiavelli
Wrote The Prince
(1513)
Dedicated to Lorenzo
the Magnificent’s
grandson
A manual on how to
be an effective ruler,
or political satire?
The Prince
Or written for the express purpose
of getting a job in the Medici
government?
“If you cannot
be both loved
and feared,
then it is better
to be feared
than loved. “
“Machiavellian”
A term that is used
to describe a
ruthless ruler.
Baldassare Castiglioni
Wrote: The Book of
the Courtier (1528 )
A “handbook” for
European aristocrats
Depicts social “do’s &
dont’s” for nobles
Castiglione’s “Perfect Courtier”
Should …
1. Possess Impeccable
character, grace, & noble
birth
2. Cultivate achievements
–not hide
accomplishments, but be
modest.
3. Have a Classical
Education- arts, music
,etc.
4. Participate in the
Military – Serve Prince w/
loyalty, honesty
Castiglione’s “Perfect Court
Lady” Should…
1. Be attractive
2. Be well educated, able
to paint, dance, and play a
musical instrument
3. Not participate in
political, artistic, or
literary affairs
(discussions)
4. Be an “ornament” to her
upper class husband
Portrait of a Lady, 1475
Christine de Pisan (1364-1430)
Wrote: The Treasure of
the City of Ladies (1405)
a history of women
designed to refute men’s
myths about females
As male scholars debated
women’s role in society
Christine de Pizan
“Not all men (and especially the wisest)
share the opinion that it is bad for women to
be educated. But it is very true that many
foolish men have claimed this because it
displeased them that women knew more
than they did.”
― Christine de Pizan, The Book of the City
of Ladies, 1405
Civic Humanism
15th century
Duty of an intellectual
to devote life to Public
Service (politics)
Reflected values of
urban society
CH10
RENAISSANCE ART
Describe the Differences…
Medieval Art
Renaissance Art
Renaissance Art = Social &
Political Status
1. Art communicated social, political &
spiritual values (individualism, humanism,
respect for the classics)
2. Patrons of Art
Used art to display wealth, power
Funded artists as a way to promote own
fame
Giotto (1266-1337)
Father of Renaissance
painting
From Florence
Tried to imitate nature
(Realistic portrayal)
 Adoration of the Magi,
14th cent.
Masaccio (1401-1428)
Brancacci Chapel
painted Frescoes
1st masterpiece of
Renaissance art 
Masaccio (1401-1428)
Characteristics of Renaissance
Art
1. Realistic Figures, 3-D
2. Has Depth &
Perspective
3. Emotion & Expression
4. Geometrical /
mathematical concepts/
Pyramid configuration
5. Artists gained
recognition & fame
Renaissance Techniques
Chiaroscuro – use of
shadows & highlights
Quattrocento (1400’s)
Collective Name for
Cultural and artistic
events of 15th century
Italy
Sandro Botticelli (1445-1510)
Primavera 
Obvious interest in
Greek & Roman
Mythology
Sandro Boticelli, Primavera 1482
Donatello (1386-1466)
Studied statues of
antiquity
 David, 1428
1st life size, bronze
nude in European art
since antiquity
Filippo Brunelleschi
architect
Designed il duomo
Dome Cathedral of
Florence built 14201436 
Inspired by: Roman
architecture
Leon Battista Alberti
Architect
Designed West façade of
Sant’ Andrea
Inspired by classical
temples
Piero della Francesca
1410-1492
 Duke & Duchess
of Urbino
Human individuality
in portraiture
Power, wealth, status
of Duke & Duchess
High Renaissance Art
Flourished between 1480-1520
Cinquecento = 16th century
Shift to Rome as important cultural center
3 Artistic Giants:
1.Leonardo Da Vinci
2.Raphael
3. Michaelangelo
1. Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519)
“Renaissance Man”
L’uomo Universale
1. Artist/Sculptor
2. Scientist/Mathematician
3. Engineer/Architect
4. Inventor
5. Anatomist
Leonardo da Vinci, Inventor
1. Leonardo da Vinci, Artist
Mona Lisa, painted 1503-1506
Musee du Louvre, Paris
The Last Supper
Organization of space, use of perspective
Video Music Review: Leonardo
Da Vinci
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mW_gp
7SDgQM
2. Raphael (1483-1520)
School of Athens (1510)
Imaginary gathering of
ancient philosophers
Plato & Aristotle at center
Painted his
contemporaries as
philosophical figures
Balance, harmony, order,
unity, symmetry
2. Raphael School of Athens
Raphael’s School of Athens
3. Michelangelo “Il Divino”
1475-1564
Influenced by NeoPlatonism & the
depiction of:
Beauty of human
body, glory of human
beings
Beauty of figure=
divine beauty
La Pieta
David (1504)
marble, 14 ft tall
Michelangelo's David
Contrapposto – stiff
right leg/relaxed left
leg (reminiscent of
classical sculptures)
3. Michelangelo “Il Divino”
Pope Julius II
summoned
Michelangelo to Rome
1508
And asked him to
paint ceiling of the
Sistine Chapel
Michelangelo
reluctantly agreed
Sistine Chapel (1508-1512) 9
scenes from the book of Genesis
Review: Intellectual Concepts
During the Renaissance
1. Humanism is an attitude towards life &
learning
Features of Humanism:
Individualism (focus on the individual)
Virtu- the ability to make an impact in
one’s chosen field of Endeavour.
Secularism- people and objects in the
world are important
Therefore, An Ideal “Renaissance
Man” Is..
1. Well educated (studia humanitas)
2. Has “Virtu “ (overachiever)
3. Self Confident Individual
4. Inspired by the “Classics”
5. Religious, but sees beauty in the secular
(non-religious)
Historian Jacob Burckhardt
Argued (1860) that the revival of ancient
learning in 14th &15th century Italy gave rise
to new secular and scientific values.
Video Music Review:
“Renaissance Man”
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0CRX_
mqpzdU
THE NORTHERN
RENAISSANCE
The Ideas of the Italian
Renaissance
Spread to Northern Europe…
Northern Renaissance
Flanders in the 1400’s (“Low Countries” )
included:
Modern day Northern France, Belgium, &
the Netherlands
Johannes Gutenberg
Invented 1st printing
press with movable
type
1st book printed:
Gutenberg Bible
(1456)
Mainz, Germany
Impact of Printing Press
1. Widespread literacy
2. Communication –
spread of ideas , views,
news
3. New jobs- Printing
industry emerged
4. Books became
accessible to all
5. Language – books
printed in the vernacular
(common languages)
Art in the Low Countries/
Flanders
Flemish artists:
Influenced by Italian
Renaissance
Painted:
1. scenes of daily life
2. Portraits
3. Landscapes
4. Religious Themes
5. Used oil paints
Jan Van Eyck
Example of Northern
Renaissance art:
1434, The Arnolfini
Wedding
Every Detail Is Symbolic!!
Why is Giavanni not wearing shoes?
Why does Giovanna look pregnant?
Why does the chandelier have only 1
candle?
Why is there a dog in the portrait??
Why oranges?
The details
MirrorStations of the
cross
Wedding couple &
2 others
“Jan Van Eyck was
here, 1434”
The Details…
1 candle – a
marriage candle?
Or the eye of God?
Dog = fidelity ; fid;
fido
The details…
Oranges- wealth;
status symbol
The couple never
had children. Dress
symbolizes fertility
The Arnolfini Wedding- Details
Albrecht Durer
German artist
1471-1528 known for
self portraits
Pieter Brueghel, the Elder
1525-1569
Painted scenes from
everyday life
Peasant Wedding,
1568
Children’s Games, 1560 Brueghel
Children’s Games, 1560
Brueghel
Northern Humanism
1. Desiderius
Erasmus
Classical ideals +
Civic humanism +
Christian ideals of
love and piety
Philosophia Christi =
ethical piety in
imitation of Christ
Northern Humanism
2. Sir Thomas Moore
English
Wrote: Utopia (1516)
Imaginary society
based on reason,
tolerance.
APEURO10
REVIVAL OF THE
MONARCHY
The Emergence of Nations
Shift from divided
feudal monarchies to
unified national
monarchies
Shift to Monarchies Due to…
1. Alliance Between
King & Town
Townspeople (not
nobles or clergy)
worked in royal
offices
Bookkeepers, lawyers,
military leaders, etc.
Shift to Monarchies Due to…
2. Taxes, War, Laws
Became “national”,
rather than
“regional”
Taxes as a source of
national income
Shift to Monarchies Due to…
3. Monarchies began
to build national
armies in the 15th
century
Mercenary soldiers
recruited from
Germany &
Switzerland for
“king’s army”
Shift to National Monarchy Case
Study: Spain
Isabella of Castile &
Leon Married
Ferdinand of Aragon
1469
Together They :
1. Secured borders
2. Expanded territories
3. Christianized Spain
“Los Reyes Católicos”
Spanish Unification &
Expansion
1. 1481-1492 Queen Isabella
& King Ferdinand’s army
conquered Muslim Moors
Kingdom of Granada (Southern
Spain)
Muslims exiled or forced to
convert (“moriscos”)
“Mediterranean Diaspora”:
Jews exiled as well
Converted Jews - “conversos”
Spanish Unification &
Expansion
2. 1492 Isabella &
Ferdinand funded
Columbus’ voyage
1521 Aztec empire fell to
Spain (Hernán Cortes)
1532 Inca empire fell to
Spain (Francisco Pizarro)
Nueva España 
Ferdinand & Isabella’s Daughters
Marriage = Political
Alliance!!
1. Juana (1479-1555)
married to Phillip the
Handsome (of
Austria)
Outspoken, jealous,
“madly in love” with
Felipe
Felipe el Hermoso (Phillip the
Handsome)
Juana’s Tumultuous Life
Phillip grew tired of
Juana…
Queen Isabella died 1504
and
Her father wanted Juana’s
inheritance !
Betrayed by Phillip the
handsome and & her
father King Ferdinand!!
Phillip died mysteriously
@ 28
“Juana La Loca” Was Betrayed
by:
Her Father!! King
Ferdinand!
Juana declared insane,
“unfit” to rule
Locked in tower castle
of Tordesillas 15071555
She never saw her 6
children again
Juana’s Tumultuous Life
Joanna “the Mad” & Phillip the Handsome
had 6 children
The most famous, Charles V (Carlos V)
Holy Roman Empire
Emperor Charles V
(1500-1558)
Son of Juana la Loca &
Phillip the Handsome
Inherited Kingdoms of:
Spain, Nueva España,
Austria, Naples and all
Habsburg lands (Germany
& Italy) !
Ferdinand & Isabella’s Daughters
2. Catherine of
Aragon (1485-1536)
was married @ 16 to
Arthur of England
(Henry VII’s Son)
He died 6 months after
wedding (1501)
Why Spoil the Alliance?
Catherine of Aragon
was then married off
to Arthur’s brother…
King Henry VIII !
She was wife #1 (out
of six)
Daughter -Mary I
(“bloody Mary”)
Ferdinand & Isabella’s Daughters
3. Princess Isabella (jr.)
Married off to Prince
Alfonso of Portugal 1490
He died 1491 -Thrown off
a horse
Princess Isabella was so
saddened by his death,
she…
Begged her parents to
send her to A convent!
Why Spoil the Alliance?
6 years later (1496)
Parents married her
off to Alfonso’s
brother,
Manuel I of
Portugal
She died giving birth
in 1500
The World as they knew it changed…
VOYAGES OF DISCOVERY
The World After 1492
Treaty of Tordesillas, 1494
Agreement between
Spain & Portugal
To divide territories in
new world
West of line: Spain
East of Line : Portugal
Hernán Cortes
Defeated the Mexica
Empire (Aztec) in
1521
And claimed the land
for Spain
Francisco Pizarro
Defeated the Inca
Empire in 1533
And claimed the
territory for Spain
Spanish Empire by 1600
Life in New Spain
Bartholome de las
Casas – Dominican
Priest
“Conquest not
necessary for
conversion”
“Black Legend” –
Spanish treatment of
Native Americans
inhumane
Life in New Spain - Colonial
Economy
1. Mining
2. Agriculture
3. Shipping
Exploitation of
indigenous labor
African slaves also
introduced
Life in New Spain-Social
Pyramid -“Castas”
1. Peninsulares – Born in
Spain
2. Criollos – European
parents, born in new world
3. Mestizos – ½ Spanish,
½ Native American
4. Mulatos – ½ African,
½ Spanish
5. Africans
6. Native Americans
The Legacy of Ferdinand &
Isabella New Spain
Unified Spain and created
a Spanish empire
Territories in Mexico,
Central America, South
America AND the
American Southwest
Remained “Spanish” until
the Independence
movements 1810-1821