Transcript Carbon Compounds

Carbon Compounds
Chemistry of Carbon
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Why is it so important?
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Carbon has 4 electrons that can join with
an electron from another atom, to form a
strong covalent bonds. {Remember:
Covalent bonds are bonds that share
electrons between atoms}
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C-
Chemistry of Carbon
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Why is it so important?
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Carbon atoms can bond to other
carbon atoms, which gives carbon
the ability to form long chains.
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Carbon – Carbon bonds can be single-,
double-, and triple- covalent bonds.
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Single Covalent Bonds
C:C
share 2 electrons
Double Covalent Bonds
C::C
share 4 electrons
Triple Covalent Bonds
C:::C share 6 electrons
Chemistry of Carbon
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Chains of carbon can close on
themselves to form rings.
Macromolecules
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Macromolecules means “large”
molecules. They are made up of tens of
thousands of smaller molecules
They are formed from
POLYMERIZATION (pah-lih-mur-ihZAY-shun). Polymerization builds large
compounds from small compounds.
Monomers (small units)
join to form polymers.
Monomers in the
polymers maybe
identical or different.
MONOMERS
POLYMER
POLYMERIZATION
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There are four groups of carbon or
organic compounds found in living things:
 Carbohydrates
 Lipids
 Nucleic acids
 Proteins
Carbohydrates
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Carbohydrates are made up of carbon,
hydrogen and oxygen atoms.
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It is composed of a 1:2:1 ratio.
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They are the main source of energy for
most living organisms. And they are used
for structural purposes.
Carbohydrates
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Some organisms use carbohydrates as
their main energy source. Plants and
some animals use it for structural
purposes.
The breakdown of sugars, like glucose,
supplies immediate energy for all
cellular activities. Living things that
store extra sugar as complex
carbohydrates are known as starches.
Carbohydrates
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Simple sugars known as
monosaccharides (mahn-oh-SAK-uhryds).
Large macromolecules formed from
monosaccharides are called
polysaccharides.
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Plants store excess sugar as plant starch
and animal store excess sugar called
glycogen.
Lipids
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Are a varied group of molecules. They
are not soluble in water. They are made
mostly of carbon and hydrogen atoms.
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SEE FIGURE 2-14
They are used to store energy,
biological membrane or waterproof
coverings
LIPIDS
Common categories for lipids are:
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Fats, oils and waxes
They are used to store energy, become
part of a biological membrane or as
waterproof coverings.
LIPIDS
If there is at least one carbon-carbon
double bond in a fatty acid, then its
called UNSATURATED. Lipids that
contain more than one double bond are
called POLYUNSATURATED.
Nucleic Acids
Are macromolecules that are known being
called Nucleotides.
Nucleotides are made of 3 parts: 5carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and a
nitrogenous base.
Nucleic Acids
Nucleotides can be joined by COVALENT
bonds to for a nucleic acid or
polynucleotide.
Nucleic acids store and transmits genetic
information.
There are two kinds of nucleic acids:
RNA (ribonucleic acid) and
DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)
Proteins
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Proteins are macromolecules that are
polymers of molecules called amino
acids.
Amino acids are compounds with an
amino group on one end (-NH2) and a
carboxyl group (-COOH) on the other
end.
Proteins
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Some proteins control the rate of
chemical reactions and regulate cell
functions. Some are used to form bones
and muscles. Others transport
substances into or out of the cell or
help fight disease.